West

Togo

توغو

Mission
In scope · Country file in preparation
Country file
Published, with sources · Last reviewed 2026-10-08

From within

Togo is a small coastal country in West Africa shaped like a corridor running from the Atlantic towards the hinterland states, with Lomé as its capital. Its economy rests on the port, services, agriculture and phosphates, and relatively high growth coexists with a jobs gap and rural poverty.
Read onSince 2025 it has moved to a parliamentary system in which the President of the Council holds executive authority according to the official portal and the World Bank. This page separates the facts read from announcements and estimates.
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The country at a glance

Neighbours: Burkina Faso · Benin · Ghana

Overview

The country at a glance

Population
8.6 million peopleExact value: 8,591,626World Bank · 2025 · Estimate211
GDP
11.89 US$ bnWorld Bank · 2025 · Estimate211
GDP per capita
1,384 US$World Bank · 2025 · Estimate211
GDP growth
6.3 %World Bank · 2025 · Estimate211
Urban population
44.4 %World Bank · 2025 · Estimate211
Population under 15
40.4 %World Bank · 2025 · Estimate211

Country card

Capital
Lomé
Region
West
Location
Coastal
Neighbours
Burkina Faso · Benin · Ghana
Capital
A page on the website of the Presidency of the Togolese Republic states that Togo's capital is Lomé.Data year: 20264
Official language
The Presidency states that Togo's official language is French.Data year: 20264
Area
The Presidency states that Togo is a West African country with an area of 56,600 square kilometres.Data year: 20268
Neighbours
The Presidency states that Togo lies between Ghana to the west, the Republic of Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north.Data year: 20269
Atlantic coast
The Presidency states that the country opens onto the Atlantic Ocean in the south with a coastal strip of 50 kilometres.Data year: 20261
More essential facts — 3 entries
Shape of the country
The Presidency states that Togo has the shape of a corridor 660 kilometres long, linking it to the hinterland countries.Data year: 20262
Highest point
The Presidency states that Mount Agou (986 metres) is the highest point in the country.Data year: 20267
Independence
The history page on the Presidency website states that on 27 April 1960 the country acceded to international sovereignty.Data year: 196012

The axes in brief

  1. People, society and cultureA young, mostly rural society around a large capital, with many groups and languages, whose core figures come from the 2022 census and World Bank estimates.
  2. Institutions and national direction
  3. Economy and sectorsA small open economy led by services and the port and resting on agriculture and phosphates, with relatively high growth, low inflation and a jobs gap. The facts here are tied to their sources, and projections and government announcements are labelled as such.
  4. Saudi Arabia and TogoA relationship built on development finance through the Saudi Fund for Development, multilateral Islamic trade finance formats and a stated ministerial visit, without bilateral trade figures in the sources consulted.
  5. Media and developmentA media landscape large in number whose independence varies according to Reporters Without Borders, a telecom market shared by two operators, and national sources of data and official texts.

Geographic context and connectivity

Population by region in the 2022 census

According to INSEED’s table for the 2022 census, Greater Lomé has 2,188,376 inhabitants, Plateaux 1,635,946, Maritime excluding Greater Lomé 1,346,615, Savanes 1,143,520, Kara 985,512 and Centrale 795,529, out of 8,095,498 in total. 68

Urban, rural and sex breakdown in the census

The census recorded 3,473,792 people in urban areas and 4,621,706 in rural areas, with 3,944,510 males and 4,150,988 females, and INSEED gives an urbanisation rate of 42%. 6970

A demographic picture from World Bank estimates

The World Bank estimates the population at about 8.6 million in 2025 with annual growth of 2.2%, puts the rural share at 55.6% and the urban share at 44.4%, the share aged 14 and under at 40.4% and aged 65 and over at 3.5%. This is an estimate built differently from the urbanisation rate of the census. Estimate80202203204205209

Climate, rivers and national parks

The Presidency website states that the south has four seasons, including a long dry season from November to March and a long rainy season from March to July, that the Mono, Oti, Zio and Haho rivers mark the hydrography, and that protected species live in the Fazao-Malfakassa, Sarakawa and Kéran national parks. 767778

Reading: a young, mostly rural society around a large capital

The figures above show a society that is mostly rural in the census even though more than a quarter of the population is concentrated in Greater Lomé (a calculation derived from the institute’s table), with a high share of children according to the World Bank. This means that the needs for basic services in rural areas and for transport and housing in the capital may differ, and that reading the market requires keeping the two apart. This is an analytical reading, not a new data point. Analysis6869205

Location and area

The Presidency states that Togo is a West African country with an area of 56,600 square kilometres, lying between Ghana to the west, the Republic of Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. 89

Coast and corridor

The Presidency states that the country opens onto the Atlantic Ocean in the south with a coastal strip of 50 kilometres, and that it has the shape of a corridor 660 kilometres long, linking it to the hinterland countries. 12

Society

People, society and culture

A young, mostly rural society around a large capital, with many groups and languages, whose core figures come from the 2022 census and World Bank estimates.106869205

People & Society

Some of the ethnic groups named

The Presidency website names among about forty ethnic groups the Ewé, Fon, Gonja, Gourma, Guin, Haoussa, Ifè (Ana), Kabiyè and Konkomba. 71

Ancient traces in the north

The Presidency website points to rock paintings in the Namoudjoga hills in the Dapaong region in the north, and to traces of metallurgy and remains of a tool-making site dated to 2600 BC in the same zone. 72

A German protectorate from 1884

The Presidency website states that Togo was a German protectorate from 1884. 73

The League of Nations mandate of 1922

The Presidency website states that France and Britain divided Togo after the First World War and obtained a League of Nations mandate in 1922. 74

The western part attached to Ghana in 1956

The Presidency website states that the western part of the country was attached to Ghana in 1956, while the eastern part, French Togo, joined French West Africa. 75

Reading: language diversity and French as the official language

Togo combines a single official language, French, with a large number of local languages according to the Presidency website, so official documents are likely to be prepared in French, while reaching people may require several local languages. Naming the groups does not measure their size, since the source gives no counts. This is an analytical reading. Analysis41071

Population in the National Institute of Statistics figures

The National Institute of Statistics (INSEED) shows the result of the fifth General Population and Housing Census of 2022: 8,095,498 inhabitants. 17

Population growth

The National Institute of Statistics states that the population of Togo grew between 2010 and 2022 by an average of 2.3% a year. 18

Ethnic and linguistic diversity

The cultural diversity page on the Presidency website states that Togo has about forty ethnic groups speaking about 44 languages, and that the official language is French. 410

From independence to today

The Presidency states that the country acceded to international sovereignty on 27 April 1960 and that it was admitted to the United Nations on 20 September 1960. 512

Culture & Identity

A culture of many groups tied to harvests, initiation and historical memory, with one World Heritage property and three intangible heritage elements according to UNESCO.153156159

World and intangible heritage

Koutammakou on the World Heritage List

UNESCO lists one property of Togo on the World Heritage List, Koutammakou, the Land of the Batammariba (2004, 2023), a cultural property. 153

Acceptance of the World Heritage Convention

UNESCO notes that Togo accepted the World Heritage Convention on 15 April 1998. 155

Togo’s Tentative List

Togo’s Tentative List with UNESCO holds four sites, all submitted in 2021: the Aného-Glidji agglomeration, the serial granaries of the Nok, Mamproug, Kouba and Bagou caves, the Bassar ancient iron metallurgy sites, and the Fazao-Malfakassa National Park. 154

Intangible heritage elements

UNESCO records 3 intangible heritage elements for Togo, the oral heritage of Gelede (2008), midwifery knowledge, skills and practices (2023) and the bearing of the sacred stone and the New Year rites in the Guin country (2025). 156

Ratification of the 2003 Convention

UNESCO states that Togo ratified the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage on 5 February 2009. 157

Life, seasons and symbols

Harvest festivals and initiation rites

The Presidency website lists Tingban pab, the harvest festival of the Moba in the Savanes region, the Evala initiation wrestling in Kabiyè country in the Kara region, a cultural value that has crossed time for nearly one hundred and fifty years, and Sintou-Djandjaagou, the harvest festival of the Nawdéba and Lamba of Doufelgou. 158159160

The flag and the national anthem

The Presidency website states that the flag was designed by art professor Ahyi Paul and adopted as the emblem of the State on independence day, 27 April 1960, and that "Terre de nos aïeux" is the national anthem of the Togolese Republic. 165166

Reading: a culture tied to land and seasons

The festivals cited by the Presidency website revolve around harvests, initiation and the historical memory of each people, and take place in several parts of the country, while the UNESCO-listed property is the Land of the Batammariba, which the same website presents among the sites that can be reached from Kara. This link means that culture and agriculture are tied to specific places, so reading any project that touches these places requires local knowledge. An analytical reading that adds no new data. Analysis153158159161164

Places and memory

The Tamberma valley and Koutamakou from Kara

The Presidency website presents the Tamberma valley and the Koutamakou landscape, listed as UNESCO World Heritage, among the sites that can be reached from the city of Kara. 164

Notsé and the cradle of the Ewé people

The Presidency website presents the town of Notsé as the cradle of the Ewé people, with the ruins of the great Agbogbo wall and the traditional Agbogbozan festival commemorating the exodus of the Ewé in 1720. 161

Atakpamé: stilt dance and the coffee-cocoa triangle

The Presidency website describes a Tchébé stilt dance performance as a rare curiosity that characterises the town of Atakpamé in the Plateaux region, and says that with Kpalimé and Badou it forms the "coffee-cocoa triangle" in the first agricultural region of Togo. 162163

World Heritage property
UNESCO lists one property of Togo on the World Heritage List, Koutammakou, the Land of the Batammariba (2004, 2023), a cultural property.Data year: 2023153
Intangible cultural heritage
UNESCO records 3 intangible heritage elements for Togo: in 2008 the oral heritage of Gelede, in 2023 midwifery knowledge, skills and practices, and in 2025 the bearing of the sacred stone and the New Year rites in the Guin country.Data year: 2025156

Institutions

Institutions and national direction

Leadership

Section facts and information — 14 entries
President of the Council according to the official portal
The official portal of the Togolese Republic states, in an article dated 3 May 2025, that the President of the Council holds full executive authority and is head of the government, with tasks that include setting national policy and appointing ministers.Data year: 202533
Role of the President of the Republic under the new Constitution
The official portal says in its article dated 3 May 2025 that under the new Constitution the role of the President of the Republic is purely ceremonial and symbolic with no executive power, and that Parliament, deputies and senators together, met in Congress to elect him.Data year: 20253435
Parliamentary system according to the World Bank
The World Bank states that Togo has moved to a parliamentary system, and that a bicameral Parliament, the National Assembly and the Senate, elects both the President of the Republic and the President of the Council.Data year: 20264041
Minister of Finance and Budget
The news item of the Ministry of Finance and Budget dated 17 September 2026 names Essowè Georges Barcola as Minister of Finance and Budget.Data year: 202646
Government Roadmap 2026-2031
The World Bank states that the Government is preparing a new roadmap for 2026-2031 to operationalise the emerging Vision 2040, built on three pillars.Data year: 2026Announced55
United Nations membership
The Presidency states that Togo was admitted to the United Nations on 20 September 1960.Data year: 19605
Regional and international organisations
The Presidency states that Togo is a member of regional, continental and international organisations, notably ECOWAS (CEDEAO), the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA), the African Union, La Francophonie and the Commonwealth.Data year: 20266
West African Monetary Union
The website of the Central Bank of West African States states that the eight member states of the West African Monetary Union are Benin, Burkina, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo.Data year: 202620
President of the Republic according to the Presidency website
The Presidency website, in a news item on the reception of two new ambassadors on 28 September 2026, states that the President of the Republic is Jean-Lucien Kwassi Lanyo Savi de Tové.Data year: 202613
Election of the President of the Republic
The biography page on the Presidency website states that Jean-Lucien Kwassi Lanyo Savi de Tové is the first head of state of the Fifth Republic and the fifth President of the Republic in Togo's history, following his election on 3 May 2025 by Parliament meeting in Congress.Data year: 202514
President of the Council according to the Presidency website
The Presidency website, in a news item dated 10 July 2026, refers to the "President of the Council" (Président du Conseil), Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé.Data year: 202615
Appointment of the President of the Council as reported by the official portal
The official portal of the Togolese Republic states, in an article whose text carries no date, that in accordance with the new Constitution promulgated in May 2024, the National Assembly appointed Faure Gnassingbé President of the Council in a plenary session.16
Ministry of Finance and Budget
The website of the Ministry of Finance and Budget states that it is in charge of the general direction of the government's economic and financial policy and of the management of State assets.Data year: 202630
Official portal
The website republicoftogo.com describes itself as the official information portal of the Togolese Republic.Data year: 202632

Togo moved to a parliamentary system in 2025 in which the President of the Council holds executive authority according to the official portal and the World Bank, and this page presents the dated facts and separates them from announced objectives.3340

The new Constitution and the President of the Council

The official portal states in an article dated 3 May 2025 that the 2024 Constitution repealed that of 1992 and defines the President of the Council as the head of the executive power, that the President of the Council heads the government and is answerable to Parliament, and that his tasks include setting national policy, appointing ministers and coordinating the administration. This is the portal’s description; the constitutional text itself is not available in the sources consulted. 333739

The appointment of the President of the Council

The official portal reports that the National Assembly appointed Faure Gnassingbé President of the Council on Saturday 3 May 2025 in plenary session. 36

The President of the Republic under the new system

The official portal says that under the new Constitution the role of the President of the Republic is purely ceremonial and symbolic with no executive power, that he is elected by the two chambers of Parliament meeting in Congress and that he guarantees national unity. The Presidency biography page states that Jean-Lucien Kwassi Lanyo Savi de Tové was elected on 3 May 2025 as the first head of state of the Fifth Republic. 14343538

The World Bank’s description of the political system

The World Bank states on its country page that Togo has moved to a parliamentary system in which Faure Gnassingbé was appointed as the first President of the Council and holds executive authority, that a bicameral Parliament elects the President of the Republic and the President of the Council, and that the political landscape continues to be dominated by the ruling Union for the Republic (UNIR) party. 404142

The first government of the Fifth Republic

The official portal states in an article dated 9 October 2025 that the first government of the Fifth Republic was installed under the President of the Council and that it works in pairs of full ministers and delegate ministers. 4344

The government team declared complete

The official portal reports in an article dated 24 January 2026 that the government team is complete after new appointments. 45

The finance and economy ministers and the National Credit Council

The news item of the Ministry of Finance dated 17 September 2026 names Essowè Georges Barcola as Minister of Finance and Budget and Badanam Patoki as Minister of Economy and Strategic Watch, and describes the National Credit Council as an observatory of economic developments that meets four times a year and brings together the banking sector, the central bank and employers, among others. 464748

The National Council of Traditional Chiefs

The Presidency website states in a news item dated 15 July 2025 that the National Council of Traditional Chiefs is an institution provided for by the Constitution of the Fifth Republic, whose role is to contribute to local governance, the preservation of cultural values and social peace, and that Article 42 has the President of the Republic receive the traditional chiefs for exchanges on the life of the nation. 4950

Implementation of community reforms in the monetary union

The Ministry of Finance states in a news item dated 29 September 2026 that the implementation rate of community reforms in the annual review of the West African Economic and Monetary Union was 68.7% out of 145 reforms assessed, against 77.9% in 2024, with 22 texts not transposed into national law. 51

The Government Roadmap 2020-2025

The Presidency page on the Government Roadmap Togo 2025 presents a portfolio of 42 priority projects and reforms derived from 10 ambitions, with an updated vision after the Covid-19 shock. 54

The 2026-2031 roadmap and Vision 2040

The World Bank states that the Government is preparing a new roadmap for 2026-2031 to operationalise Vision 2040 on three pillars, Protect, Unite and Transform, with the objective of doubling average living standards and reducing poverty to below 15% by 2040. The Minister of Finance said on 17 September 2026 that it can only produce its effects with the support of the private sector and the banks. These are announced objectives, not results. Announced555657

Reading: whom to address on which matter

The official portal and the World Bank state that executive authority lies with the President of the Council; the portal describes the role of the President of the Republic as ceremonial and symbolic, and the World Bank as primarily ceremonial. On the basis of this attributed description, economic files are usually addressed to the President of the Council and the finance and economy ministries, after checking which body is competent before any correspondence. A practical reading based on attributed sources that does not replace checking the constitutional text. Analysis15333440

The Presidency of the Republic according to the Presidency website

The Presidency website states that the President of the Republic is Jean-Lucien Kwassi Lanyo Savi de Tové, and that he is the first head of state of the Fifth Republic and the fifth President of the Republic in Togo's history, after his election on 3 May 2025 by Parliament meeting in Congress. 1314

President of the Council

The Presidency website, in a news item dated 10 July 2026, refers to the "President of the Council" (Président du Conseil), Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé. 15

Appointment of the President of the Council

The official portal of the Togolese Republic states, in an article whose text carries no date, that in accordance with the new Constitution promulgated in May 2024, the National Assembly appointed Faure Gnassingbé President of the Council in a plenary session. 16

Regional memberships

The Presidency states that Togo is a member of regional, continental and international organisations, notably ECOWAS (CEDEAO), the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA), the African Union, La Francophonie and the Commonwealth. 6

Ministry of Finance and Budget

The website of the Ministry of Finance and Budget states that it is in charge of the general direction of the government's economic and financial policy and of the management of State assets. 30

Institutions

Official bodies with their roles and official websites. Listing a body here does not make it a partner of the initiative.

Government and institutions 6

+3 more

Investment and finance 1

Sectors and regulation 3

Media and statistics 2

Other bodies 3

Economy

Economy and sectors

A small open economy led by services and the port and resting on agriculture and phosphates, with relatively high growth, low inflation and a jobs gap. The facts here are tied to their sources, and projections and government announcements are labelled as such.64128

Go deeper

Macroeconomy and trade

Nominal GDP

INSEED estimated nominal GDP at about 6,458.3 billion CFA francs in 2024, crossing the 6,000 billion mark for the first time, against 5,954.2 billion in 2023 and 5,393.3 billion in 2022 (first estimates). Estimate95

Real growth after Covid

INSEED estimates real GDP growth at 6.2% in 2023 and 6.5% in 2024 (first estimates), after a slowdown to 2.2% in 2020 because of the Covid-19 pandemic. Estimate96

The fourth quarter of 2024

INSEED states that the economy grew by 17.7% year on year in the fourth quarter of 2024, with growth of 10.8% in the primary sector, 18.2% in the secondary sector and 19.4% in the tertiary sector. Estimate97

The World Bank’s growth estimate

The World Bank states that real GDP growth reached 6.5% in 2024 and was estimated at 6.3% in 2025, reflecting robust trends across the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. Estimate89

Average growth over 15 years

The World Bank states that real GDP growth has stabilised at around 5.4% on average over the past 15 years after decades of weak and volatile growth. Estimate92

The World Bank projection for 2026

The World Bank projects that growth will moderate to 5.2% in 2026, in part because of the impact of the Middle East conflict on energy markets and on domestic food, energy and transport prices. This is a projection, not a result. Forecast90

The World Bank projection for 2027 and 2028

The World Bank projects that growth will strengthen to 5.8% in 2027 and 6.2% in 2028 absent a further escalation of geopolitical tensions. These are projections, not results. Forecast91

The government’s growth projection for 2026

The Minister of Finance presented on 17 September 2026 a projected growth of 6.3% in 2026 against 6.1% last year, supported by transport, trade, port activities and the Adétikopé Industrial Platform. It is a government projection that differs from the World Bank projection for the same year. Forecast100

A new IMF disbursement

Ecofin relays that the International Monetary Fund approved a disbursement of about 109.5 million US dollars after completing the third and fourth reviews of the Extended Credit Facility arrangement, bringing total disbursements under the March 2024 agreement to about 298.63 million US dollars. 118

The IMF assessment of performance

Ecofin relays that the Fund said GDP grew by about 6% in 2025 led by services while inflation eased, and that it expects a temporary slowdown in 2026 and higher inflation, mainly because of Middle East tensions. 119

Reading: three figures for 2025 growth

The sources give three close figures for 2025 growth: 6.3% from the World Bank, 6.1% as stated by the Minister of Finance, and about 6% from the International Monetary Fund. The gaps are small and may reflect different institutions and estimate dates, and none is preferred here. When quoting, name the institution and the date together and treat the figure as a range rather than a single value. An analytical reading. Analysis89100119

Inflation in November 2025

INSEED announced inflation of 0.5% in November 2025 against 0.6% in October, on a downward trend since December 2024. 19

Inflation in mid-2026

The Minister of Finance reported on 17 September 2026 inflation held at 0.5% at the end of June 2026. 101

Government revenue

According to the World Bank, revenue excluding grants was 15.7% of GDP in 2023. Estimate182

External debt

According to the World Bank, external debt stocks were 43.2% of gross national income in 2024. Estimate181

Tax revenue to the third quarter of 2025

The Ministry of Finance states that revenue collected at the end of the third quarter of 2025 stood at 830.52 billion CFA francs against 786.32 billion in the same period of 2024, an increase of 5.6% representing 68.73% of the annual objective. 103

Public investment in 2025

The Ministry of Finance estimates the public investment budget for 2025 at more than 540 billion CFA francs, directed to transport, energy, agriculture and industrialisation. Estimate107

Foreign trade in the fourth quarter of 2025

Ecofin, relaying INSEED, reports that exports reached 253.5 billion CFA francs in the fourth quarter of 2025 and imports 536.4 billion, giving a trade deficit of 282.9 billion. 115

Export structure and destinations

Phosphates lead exports in the fourth quarter of 2025 with 16.2% (about 41 billion CFA francs), followed by motorcycles at 7.9% and refined petroleum products at 6.6%, and India is the top market with 18.6%, followed by Côte d’Ivoire at 13.4% and Burkina Faso at 11.4%, according to Ecofin relaying the institute. 116117

Trade openness

According to the World Bank, exports of goods and services were 24.6% of GDP and imports 35.3% in 2023. Estimate177178

Merchandise exports

The World Bank estimated merchandise exports at about 1.8 billion US dollars in 2025. Estimate184

Foreign direct investment

According to the World Bank, net foreign direct investment inflows were 0.8% of GDP in 2024. Estimate179

Personal remittances

Personal remittances received were 8.7% of GDP in 2020 according to the World Bank, the latest year available for them in the source. Estimate180

Currency and monetary union

The member states of the West African Monetary Union share a single monetary unit, the CFA franc (F.CFA), whose issue is entrusted to the Central Bank of West African States; the bank's website states that the eight member states are Benin, Burkina, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo. 2023

Inflation

At a press conference on 11 December 2025, the National Institute of Statistics announced that Togo recorded an inflation rate of 0.5% in November 2025, against 0.6% in October, and that the downward trend has continued since December 2024. 19

State accounts for 2024

The official portal states that the State accounts for 2024 show a surplus of 37.3 billion CFA francs, according to the General Declaration of Conformity of the Court of Accounts, which expressed two reservations. 21

Sectors: agriculture, minerals and industry

Structure of value added

According to the World Bank, agriculture, forestry and fishing accounted for 20.3% of GDP in 2025, industry including construction for 21.0% and services for 61.7%. Estimate174175176

Agriculture and jobs

The World Bank estimates, based on an International Labour Organization model, that agriculture employs 37.6% of workers in 2025. Estimate183

Arable land

The World Bank estimates that arable land is 48.7% of land area in 2023. Estimate185

The 2025-2026 cotton campaign target

The 2025-2026 cotton campaign sets a target of 92,500 tonnes of seed cotton against 60,403 tonnes in the previous campaign, according to an allAfrica article. It is an announced target, not achieved output. Target125

Cotton: fertiliser for the 2026 campaign

The allAfrica article states that the authorities are investing 5.8 billion CFA francs in fertiliser for the 2026 campaign for all cotton growers, and that 21,000 tonnes will be distributed, up 15% from 2025 according to the Nouvelle Société Cotonnière du Togo. 124

Cotton: the production ceiling between 2020 and 2025

The allAfrica article states that cotton production never exceeded 70,000 tonnes between 2020 and 2025 since the arrival of the Olam group, far from the best earlier years. 126

Coffee and cocoa: export trends

According to the Ministry of Trade, exports in the 2025-2026 campaign were 2,782 tonnes of coffee and 9,070 tonnes of cocoa against 4,400 tonnes and 24,000 tonnes in 2024-2025. The Government attributes this to a complex context involving unregistered buyers from some countries of the sub-region who may disturb quality and purchase prices. 120121

Cocoa quality: post-harvest centres and two medals

The Ministry of Trade states that two excellence cocoa post-harvest processing centres were inaugurated at Kessibo-Abrewankor in the Wawa prefecture and at Mpoti in the Blitta prefecture in May and June 2026, and that Togo obtained two gold medals at the Cocoa of Excellence Awards 2025. 122123

Farm finance, inputs and information

The Ministry of Finance reports a 93.3% rise in agricultural loans to 15.4 billion CFA francs, INSEED cites planned agricultural development zones and support for fertiliser, mechanisation and irrigation, and the Ministry of Agriculture says its SIHAM information system has reached nearly 220,000 producers. 99102127

Reading: agriculture, employment and production

Agriculture employs a large share of workers but export results for coffee, cocoa and cotton are uneven according to the attributed figures above, and the sources link them to unregistered buyers and weak inputs. This means that value-added projects in these chains first need to understand the source of the volatility before assuming linear growth. An analytical reading. Analysis120126183

Phosphate, limestone and clay

The Presidency website states that the subsoil holds mineral resources, first of all phosphate, of which Togo is one of the main African producers, as well as important reserves of limestone and clay needed for cement production. 128

The government mining strategy

The Presidency states that the mining strategy rests on the Mining Development and Governance Project, which increases exploitation permits for phosphate, limestone and clay and consolidates the legal framework, with the objective of doubling the value produced by the sector by 2025. It is an objective of the 2020-2025 roadmap and its outcome is not available in the sources consulted. Announced129

The Adétikopé Industrial Platform

INSEED credits the 2020-2025 roadmap with making the Adétikopé Industrial Platform operational, and the Ministry of Finance states that companies including Novarea Textile, Togo Apparels Source and Star Garments are established there, presenting it as a showcase of public-private partnership. 98106

Infrastructure: port, rail and energy

The Port of Lomé as it presents itself

The Port Autonome de Lomé states that it covers more than 900 ha including an industrial free zone, that it is a free port where goods are handled without customs constraints, that its basin is protected by two breakwaters 950 m and 1720 m long and allows access 24 hours a day, and it claims to be the only port on the West African coast from which several capitals can be reached in a single day. 64656667

Port traffic in 2024

allAfrica reports in January 2026 that the port cleared 30.6 million tonnes of goods through customs in 2024, up 1.85% from 2023, that transshipment reached 20.23 million tonnes, and that 1,525 vessels were registered in 2024 as in 2023. 132133

Containers and the Lloyd’s List ranking

Le360 Afrique reports on 21 September 2026, citing the Lloyd’s List ranking, that container traffic rose 16% in 2025 to 2.4 million TEU against 2.06 million, and that the port moved up one place to 91st in the world, remaining among the top 100 container ports for the sixth consecutive year and retaining fifth place in Africa. 134135

Dredging of the port in 2025

According to Le360 Afrique, dredging works in 2025 brought the channel depth to 18.60 m and the terminal basin to 17.60 m, allowing container ships with a capacity of 19,000 to 24,000 TEU. 136

The 200 million dollar logistics and transport programme

The Ministry of Finance announced on 23 June 2026 a World Bank programme of 200 million US dollars to rehabilitate the rail line between the Port of Lomé and the Adétikopé platform, ease congestion in Greater Lomé and open up agricultural basins, with nearly 2.2 million people in Greater Lomé and about 400,000 rural people, 51% of them women, expected to benefit. These are expected results, not completed works. Announced108109

Lomé hosts the first African air transport convention

The Ministry of Finance states that the first African air transport convention and exhibition, organised by the African Civil Aviation Commission, opened in Lomé on 15 June 2026 and was scheduled to run until 19 June with more than 500 decision-makers, focusing on the Single African Air Transport Market. 110

Restructuring of the national electricity company

The World Bank states that current efforts contribute to the governance and restructuring of the national electricity company CEET, to the introduction of smart pre-paid meters for state institutions and to tariff reform. 94

The 2030 renewable energy target

The Presidency page sets out a target of raising the share of renewable energies to 50% of the energy mix by 2030 and building a 50 MW solar power plant. These are announced targets, not delivered capacity. Target130

The nationally determined contribution and the Paris Agreement

The Presidency page states a revised ambition to raise the nationally determined contribution from 11.14% to 20.51% by 2030, and that Togo ratified the Paris Agreement on 28 June 2017. Target131

Reading: multimodal logistics assets

The World Bank lists among Togo’s assets its strategic location, the Port of Lomé, regional corridors and an emerging airport hub, and the sources above add strong container traffic, an announced rail programme and an air transport convention. This means the country’s logistics strength exists but the rail and corridor link is still announced, not completed, so opportunities should be studied in relation to its delivery. An analytical reading. Analysis93108110134

Investment environment and partners

B-READY and company creation

The Ministry of Finance, relaying the World Bank B-READY 2025 report, states that Togo ranks first in West Africa with a score of 61.52 and third in Sub-Saharan Africa behind Rwanda (67.94) and Mauritius (63.20), and mentions the creation of 14,202 companies in 2025. The ranking is relayed from the Ministry; the report itself is not available in the sources consulted. 104105

The World Bank portfolio in Togo

The World Bank states that its active portfolio in Togo consists of 20 operations with total commitments of 2.1 billion US dollars, including 10 national projects worth 1.24 billion US dollars and 10 regional projects worth 831 million US dollars. 86

The 300 million dollar AgriConnect programme

The World Bank states that the 300 million US dollar AgriConnect programme approved in 2025 combines IDA financing, IFC value-chain financing and MIGA guarantees for fertilizer access. 88

ECOWAS Investment Forum 2027

The ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development launched in Lomé, according to the Ministry of Finance on 29 September 2026, the second ECOWAS Investment Forum planned for 7 and 8 April 2027 in the Togolese capital. It is an announced date that has not yet arrived. Announced111

The 2024 forum as recalled by the bank’s president

The president of the Investment and Development Bank recalled, as relayed by the Ministry of Finance, that the first edition in Lomé in 2024 gathered more than 700 participants and 30 speakers from more than 20 countries and led to three memoranda of understanding worth 439 million US dollars for projects in Guinea, Nigeria and Senegal. 112

Areas worth studying

Area worth studying: local processing of coffee, cocoa and cotton

Local processing of coffee, cocoa and cotton is worth studying because agriculture employs a large share of workers and agricultural lending appears to be rising. But the first need is stable supply, control of unregistered buyers and availability of inputs, obstacles the sources mention, so this is not a guaranteed opportunity but an area that needs further data on capacities, prices and local counterparts. Area worth studying, not a ready-made opportunity102120125183

Area worth studying: logistics and transit services

Logistics services tied to the port, the free zone and the rail link deserve study because of container traffic, the port’s location and the announced rail programme. The need is to know when the rail works will be delivered, the handling capacities and the entry costs; the obstacle is that some figures are relayed from media and regional competition exists. This is not a guaranteed investment opportunity. Area worth studying, not a ready-made opportunity6493108134

Area worth studying: solar power and grids

Solar power and off-grid systems are worth studying because access to electricity is much lower in rural than in urban areas according to the World Bank, and the Government announces a target of 50% renewable energy in 2030. The need is clarity on tariff reform and on the restructuring of the electricity company; the obstacle is that the targets have not yet become delivered capacity in the sources consulted. An area for study, not a guaranteed opportunity. Area worth studying, not a ready-made opportunity94130198199200

Area worth studying: digital services and connectivity

Digital services are worth studying because the mobile internet market is shared by two operators, and mobile subscriptions passed 100% of the population according to a media report relaying the regulator’s observatory. But the share of internet users is much lower according to the World Bank, which means the need is usage, content and purchasing power, not connection alone. It is not a guaranteed opportunity. Area worth studying, not a ready-made opportunity137141207

In practice: before the meeting

In practice: language and currency

The official language is French and the currency is the CFA franc, issued by the Central Bank of West African States for the members of the monetary union, so documents and presentations are prepared in French and priced in the franc shared across the union. 423

In practice: tax audit guarantees

According to the Ministry of Finance, the Togolese Revenue Office presented on 3 October 2026 to Chinese companies the guarantees applying to tax audits: a notice of at least 7 days, a capped duration, a reasoned notification, a reassessment period of no more than 3 years and a hierarchical appeal within 72 hours, and committed to designating two focal points and preparing a French-Chinese guide. 113114

In practice: a map of counterparts

Economic files are divided between the Ministry of Finance and Budget, the Ministry of Economy and Strategic Watch, the Ministry of Agriculture and the delegate Ministry of Trade, and independent bodies such as the Port Autonome de Lomé and the Togolese Revenue Office, several of which publish their news on official websites. It is more useful to match the subject to the body before any correspondence. A practical analytical reading. Analysis464759606264

In practice: what not to assume

Not every item mentioned is delivered: the rail programme, the forthcoming investment forum, the new roadmap and the cotton target are announcements and targets, and the container figures are relayed from media. They should therefore be quoted as targets or attributed figures, and checked with the official body before being relied on in a presentation or decision. An analytical reading. Analysis55108111125134

Sectors and areas for cooperation

Container cranes and the quayside of the container terminal at the Port of Lomé
The container terminal at the Port of Lomé.Photo: Adoscam / Wikimedia Commons · CC0 · Image resized and cropped

Established sectors

  • Port and logistics

    The Port Autonome de Lomé states that it covers more than 900 ha including an industrial free zone, and media report container traffic of 2.4 million TEU in the latest year available.65134

  • Coffee, cocoa and cotton

    Exports in the 2025-2026 campaign were 2,782 tonnes of coffee and 9,070 tonnes of cocoa according to the Ministry of Trade, against 4,400 tonnes and 24,000 tonnes in the previous campaign.120

  • Phosphates and minerals

    Phosphates lead exports with 16.2% in the fourth quarter of 2025 according to Ecofin relaying INSEED, and the Presidency website places Togo among the main African producers.116128

  • The Adétikopé Industrial Platform

    The Ministry of Finance states that companies including Novarea Textile, Togo Apparels Source and Star Garments are established on the platform, and INSEED credits its operationalisation to the 2020-2025 roadmap.98106

  • Telecommunications

    The operators YAS and Moov Africa Togo share the mobile internet market with 61% and 39% according to the regulator, and 4G internet represents more than 75% of traffic.137138

Analysis2

  • Agriculture

    Estimate

    Agriculture, forestry and fishing accounted for 20.3% of GDP in 2025 and employed 37.6% of workers according to World Bank estimates.174183

  • The rail and logistics programme

    Announced

    The Ministry of Finance announced a World Bank programme of 200 million US dollars to rehabilitate the rail line between the port and the Adétikopé platform; it is an announced project, not a completed one.108

Areas worth studying4

Applies to everything in this group: Area worth studying, not a ready-made opportunity.

  • Local processing of coffee, cocoa and cotton

    Agriculture employs a large share of workers and exports in the last two campaigns have been uneven, so local processing deserves study.102120125183

  • Logistics and transit services

    Container traffic, the port’s location and the announced rail programme make port-related services an area for study.6493108134

  • Solar power and grids

    Access to electricity is much lower in rural than in urban areas according to the World Bank, and the Government announces a renewable energy target.94130198199200

  • Digital services

    The mobile internet market has two operators and telephone penetration is high, but internet use is lower, so usage and content deserve study.137141207

With Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia and Togo

A relationship built on development finance through the Saudi Fund for Development, multilateral Islamic trade finance formats and a stated ministerial visit, without bilateral trade figures in the sources consulted.26167169

This section documents announced facts from their official sources, with dates and status, without assessment.

Framework agreement with the Islamic Trade Finance Corporation

The official portal published on 17 May 2023 that the International Islamic Trade Finance Corporation (ITFC), a member of the Islamic Development Bank Group, signed a framework agreement of 250 million US dollars with Togo in the fields of energy, agriculture and the private sector. It is a multilateral institution, not a bilateral Saudi body, and data on amounts disbursed are not available in the sources consulted. 167

An agreement under the national AATB programme

The same official portal reported that another agreement was signed under the national AATB programme, covering capacity building in trade facilitation, export value chains, Islamic finance, e-commerce and private sector development over the next three years. 168

The Togolese foreign minister’s visit to Riyadh in 2021

According to a joint communiqué posted on the personal website of the then Togolese foreign minister, Robert Dussey, the minister paid an official visit to Riyadh from 4 to 6 October 2021 at the invitation of the Saudi foreign minister, and praised the multifaceted support the Kingdom provides to Togo bilaterally through the Saudi Fund for Development and through the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Development Bank. The source is that personal website; no Saudi source for the visit is available in the sources consulted. 169170

Priority sectors named in the communiqué

The joint communiqué stated that the energy, maritime transport, trade, agriculture, real estate and infrastructure sectors were identified as priority areas for intervention. These are intentions stated in a communiqué, and no resulting agreement is known from the sources consulted. 171

The plan to open an embassy in Riyadh

Togo announced in October 2021, according to the same communiqué, that it plans to open an embassy in Riyadh while keeping its Consulate General in Jeddah, to be transformed into an office. It is an announced plan and no information on its implementation is available in the sources consulted. Announced172

Memorandum with the Saudi Fund for Development, 2022

Financial Afrik reports that the Togolese authorities signed on 22 February 2022 in Lomé a memorandum of understanding with the Saudi Fund for Development on financing two projects of the Togo 2025 roadmap, agricultural land at Mission Tové and the rehabilitation of the Adagali-Atakpamé road. It is a memorandum of understanding, not a loan agreement, and no amounts were stated. 173

Reading: what shows and what does not in the relationship

The sources consulted show a development finance relationship through the Saudi Fund for Development in water, agriculture and roads, trade finance formats through the Islamic Development Bank Group, and a statement of intent on energy, maritime transport and trade. They show no bilateral trade volume and no implemented investment agreements, and none should be assumed. An analytical reading that marks the limits of the information. Analysis2428167171173

Saudi Fund for Development financing since 1980

In a news item dated 24 February 2024, the Saudi Fund for Development stated that since 1980 it has financed the implementation of 6 development projects and programmes in Togo through concessional development loans worth more than 47 million US dollars. 26

Grants from the Kingdom's government

In the same news item, the Fund stated that 3 grants from the Kingdom's government through the Fund are worth more than 12 million US dollars. 29

The wells project

In the same news item, the Fund stated that drilling and equipping of 32 wells in Togo had begun, funded through a grant from the Kingdom worth 5 million US dollars, within Phase V of the Saudi Programme for Drilling Wells and Rural Development in Africa, with the aim of supplying water to 17 beneficiary villages. 2425

A meeting at the Fund's headquarters

On 26 October 2022, the Chief Executive Officer of the Saudi Fund for Development received at the Fund's headquarters in Riyadh the Togolese Minister of Water and Rural Hydraulics and his delegation, and they discussed the Fund's water-sector projects under implementation in Togo. In the same news item, the Fund stated that the total of loans and grants provided to Togo is about 60 million US dollars. 2728

Section facts and information — 9 entries
ITFC framework agreement
The official portal states that the International Islamic Trade Finance Corporation (ITFC), a member of the Islamic Development Bank Group, signed in May 2023 a framework agreement of 250 million US dollars with Togo in energy, agriculture and the private sector. It is a multilateral institution, not a bilateral Saudi body.Data year: 2023167
Visit of the Togolese foreign minister to Riyadh
According to a joint communiqué posted on the personal website of the then Togolese foreign minister, Robert Dussey, the minister paid an official visit to Riyadh from 4 to 6 October 2021 at the invitation of the Saudi foreign minister.Data year: 2021169
Memorandum with the Saudi Fund for Development
Financial Afrik reports that the Togolese authorities signed on 22 February 2022 in Lomé a memorandum of understanding with the Saudi Fund for Development on financing two projects of the Togo 2025 roadmap.Data year: 2022173
Drilling of 32 wells with a Saudi grant
In a news item dated 24 February 2024, the Saudi Fund for Development stated that drilling and equipping of 32 wells in Togo had begun, funded through a grant from the Kingdom worth 5 million US dollars, within Phase V of the Saudi Programme for Drilling Wells and Rural Development in Africa.Data year: 202424
Scope of the wells project
In the same news item, the Fund stated that the project aims to supply water to 17 beneficiary villages and that the wells are operated by 32 solar-powered water pumps.Data year: 202425
Saudi Fund for Development loans to Togo
In its news item of 24 February 2024, the Fund stated that since 1980 it has financed the implementation of 6 development projects and programmes in Togo through concessional development loans worth more than 47 million US dollars.Data year: 202426
Grants from the Kingdom's government to Togo through the Fund
In the same news item, the Fund stated that 3 grants from the Kingdom's government through the Fund are worth more than 12 million US dollars.Data year: 202429
Total loans and grants (October 2022)
In a news item dated 26 October 2022, the Fund stated that the total of loans and grants provided to Togo is about 60 million US dollars.Data year: 202228
Reception of Togo's water minister at the Fund
On 26 October 2022, the Chief Executive Officer of the Saudi Fund for Development received at the Fund's headquarters in Riyadh the Togolese Minister of Water and Rural Hydraulics and his delegation, and they discussed the Fund's water-sector projects under implementation in Togo.Data year: 202227

Milestones

  1. 2024

    2024-02

    The Saudi Fund for Development announced in February 2024 the launch of drilling and equipping of 32 wells in Togo funded by a Saudi grant of 5 million US dollars. · Unspecified 24

  2. 2023

    2023-05

    The International Islamic Trade Finance Corporation (a member of the Islamic Development Bank Group, a multilateral institution and not a bilateral Saudi body) signed a framework agreement of 250 million US dollars with Togo in energy, agriculture and the private sector. · Contracted 167

  3. 2022

    2022-10

    The Saudi Fund for Development stated in October 2022 that the total of loans and grants provided to Togo was about 60 million US dollars. · Unspecified 28

Earlier record (2)

  1. 2022

    2022-02

    According to Financial Afrik, Togo and the Saudi Fund for Development signed in Lomé a memorandum of understanding on financing two projects of the Togo 2025 roadmap. · Announced 173

  2. 2021

    2021-10

    According to a joint communiqué on the personal website of the then Togolese foreign minister, the minister paid an official visit to Riyadh from 4 to 6 October 2021, and Togo announced a plan to open an embassy there. · Unspecified 169

What we do not know yet

  • The sources consulted give no bilateral trade figures between Togo and Saudi Arabia.
  • The sources consulted do not show what was actually disbursed under the framework agreement with the Islamic Trade Finance Corporation.
  • No information is available on loan agreements signed after the 2022 memorandum with the Saudi Fund for Development.
  • No confirmed information is available on the opening of a Togolese embassy in Riyadh or on Hajj and Umrah quotas.

Media and development

Media and development

A media landscape large in number whose independence varies according to Reporters Without Borders, a telecom market shared by two operators, and national sources of data and official texts.137142146

Track oneMediaA media landscape large in number whose independence varies according to Reporters Without Borders, a telecom market shared by two operators, and national sources of data and official texts.Track twoDevelopment

Media and editorial perspectives

The media landscape

The media landscape as RSF describes it

Reporters Without Borders describes a rich media landscape of 234 newspapers and magazines, 94 radio stations and a dozen television channels, says few are free of political influence, and says that the only state-owned television network, Télévision Togolaise (TVT), remains the most popular. 146147

Freedom and legal framework

Press freedom ranking

Reporters Without Borders ranked Togo 97th out of 180 with a score of 52.56 in its 2026 Index, after 121st with a score of 48.03 in the 2025 Index, an improvement in rank between the two editions. 144145

The legal framework according to RSF

RSF states that violations of the press law have not been punishable by imprisonment since 2004, and that a law adopted in 2020 guarantees journalistic independence and access to information as long as defence secrets are respected, adding that access to information remains difficult for critical privately owned media. 148149210

Independence and funding according to RSF

Reporters Without Borders says that the ruling party appoints and can dismiss the directors of state-owned media and the president of the media regulatory agency, and that the media face major financial problems that prevent them from operating independently. This is the organisation’s assessment; the Government’s own account is not available in the sources consulted. 150151

Connectivity and internet

The mobile internet market

The Electronic Communications and Postal Regulatory Authority (ARCEP) states on 28 April 2025 that the mobile internet market is shared by two operators, YAS (Axian group) with a 61% share and Moov Africa Togo (Maroc Télécom group) with 39%, and that 4G internet accounts for more than 75% of national internet traffic. 137138

Mobile subscriptions pass 100%

The website Bénin Web TV reported on 29 January 2026, citing the regulator’s observatory for the third quarter of 2025, that mobile subscriptions passed 8.6 million at the end of September 2025, a penetration rate of 100.31% for an estimated population of 8.67 million. A rate above 100% is usually computed from subscriptions or SIM cards relative to population and does not mean that every person has a subscription. 141

World Bank connectivity indicators

The World Bank estimates that internet users represent 39.5% of the population in 2024 and that mobile cellular subscriptions are 80.8 per 100 people in the same year. Estimate207208

Reading: why penetration figures differ

A media report relaying the regulator’s observatory gives a penetration rate above 100% while the World Bank gives 80.8 subscriptions per 100 people and a much lower share of internet users. The differences may come from the year, the definition (active SIM cards versus subscriptions or users) and the population estimate. The two figures should therefore not be combined in a single presentation without naming the body and the definition. An analytical reading. Analysis141207208

Free roaming with Burkina Faso

The regulator states that the free roaming protocol with Burkina Faso was signed on 18 April 2025 and applies from 30 May 2025. 139

Launch of free roaming with Ghana

The regulator states on 11 October 2024 that the implementation of free roaming with Ghana was officially launched on 9 October 2024, and that the same protocol is signed with Benin and Côte d’Ivoire. 140

Knowledge and institutions

National data portals

INSEED’s website lists the portals GoalTracker du Togo, TOGO DATA, NADA TOGO and OPEN DATA TOGO, and announces the official launch of the fourth Demographic and Health Survey (EDST-IV). 142143

The Official Gazette and the University of Lomé

The Official Gazette website states that it holds the full version of the official gazettes published in Togo from 1920 to the present, and the University of Lomé’s website describes the university as the largest university of the State. 5263

Humanitarian & Development

Topics in this section: Living standards and income distribution · Rural and urban living standards · Employment and the labour market808182186187

Living standards and human development

Living standards and income distribution

According to the World Bank, the share of people living on less than 3.00 US dollars a day (2021 PPP) was 34.7% of the population in 2021, and the Gini index was 37.9 in the same year. 186187

Rural and urban living standards

The World Bank states that national poverty rates are significantly higher in rural areas (58.2%) than in urban areas (26.2%), and that women remain more vulnerable because of more limited access to economic opportunities, education and health care. Estimate80

Human development and human capital

The United Nations states that Togo’s Human Development Index reached 0.571, moving it to the medium category, and the World Bank states that the Human Capital Index stands at 0.43, meaning a child born today will be only 43% as productive as possible as an adult. 79152

Reading: where needs are concentrated

The highest poverty rates and the lowest levels of electricity are found in rural areas according to the sources above, and sanitation shortfalls and the jobs gap between labour market entrants and jobs created are added to them. The needs of rural areas, young people and basic services therefore intersect, and any reading of needs requires a breakdown by region. An analytical reading, not an investment recommendation. Analysis8081193199

Jobs

Employment and the labour market

The World Bank states that the working-age population grows by around 150,000 people a year while job creation is closer to 90,000 jobs a year, that around 60% of the working-age population is underemployed and that only 10% of young people reach formal paid employment before the age of 25. Estimate8182

Health

Health and fertility in 2024

According to World Bank estimates, under-five mortality was 56.1 per 1,000 live births in 2024, life expectancy at birth was 62.9 years, and the fertility rate was about 4.1 births per woman. Estimate194201206

Maternal health and health spending in 2023

According to World Bank estimates, maternal mortality was 349 per 100,000 live births in 2023 and current health expenditure was 6.1% of GDP in the same year. Estimate195197

Physician density

Physician density was 0.08 per 1,000 people in 2022 according to the World Bank. 196

Additional financing for essential health services

The World Bank reports additional financing of 81 million US dollars in fiscal year 2026 for the Essential Quality Health Services for Universal Health Coverage project. 87

Education

Adult literacy

The World Bank estimates the literacy rate among people aged 15 and above at 72.6% in 2022. Estimate188

Primary school enrolment

According to the World Bank, the gross enrolment ratio in primary education was 114.3% in 2024. 189

Secondary education and education spending

According to the World Bank, the gross enrolment ratio in secondary education was 63.4% in 2023 and government expenditure on education was 4.1% of GDP in the same year. 190191

Water and electricity

Water and sanitation

The World Bank estimates that 64.8% of the population use at least basic drinking water services and 25.2% use at least basic sanitation services in 2024. Estimate192193

Access to electricity

The World Bank estimates access to electricity at 61.1% of the population in 2024, with 96.0% in urban areas and 33.9% in rural areas. Estimate198199200

Resilience and security

Security context in the north

The World Bank states that security challenges linked to the Sahel crisis affect some communities in the Savanes region and that the Government has extended the state of emergency through March 2027. 83

The emergency programme for resilience

The World Bank states that the government emergency programme for strengthening community resilience and security targets approximately 433,758 internally displaced persons, refugees and host communities in the Savanes, Kara and Central regions. 84

Additional financing for the social cohesion project

The World Bank states that the Gulf of Guinea Northern Regions Social Cohesion project received additional financing of 69 million US dollars in June 2026 to strengthen resilience, expand access to basic services and reduce communities’ vulnerability to violent extremism. 85

Sources

Sources and updates

Sources cited on this page, numbered as they appear next to each item.

Last reviewed: 2026-10-08

This file is written from public pages (official, international and press) read on 7 and 8 October 2026 (the reading date appears on each source). It was enriched on 8 October 2026 with sections on society, culture, economy, institutions, the relationship with the Kingdom, media and development. It has not yet had a human language review, and whatever could not be confirmed from a source consulted has been kept out of the public text.

Some economic figures (the port, cotton, exports, the B-READY ranking and the International Monetary Fund) are relayed from media or from the Ministry of Finance, and the original source is not available in the sources consulted; they are labelled accordingly. The constitutional text itself is not available in the sources consulted; the description of the parliamentary system is attributed to the official portal and the World Bank.

Source register (211)
  1. 1

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Coastline — 01 Geography

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: From within · Coast and corridor · Atlantic coast

  2. 2

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Corridor length — 01 Geography

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: From within · Coast and corridor · Shape of the country

  3. 3

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Population 2021 per INSEED (as cited by Presidency) — 02 Society

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Population 2021 (statistics institute)

  4. 4

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Capital, official language, currency — 01 Geography

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: From within · Reading: language diversity and French as the official language · Ethnic and linguistic diversity · In practice: language and currency · Capital · Official language · Currency

  5. 5

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    UN admission — 04 Institutions

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: From independence to today · United Nations membership

  6. 6

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Regional and international memberships — 06 Regional

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Institutional context · Regional and international organisations

  7. 7

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Highest point — 01 Geography

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Highest point

  8. 8

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Surface area — 01 Geography

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Location and area · Area

  9. 9

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Neighbours — 01 Geography

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Location and area · Neighbours

  10. 10

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Ethnic groups and languages — 02 Society

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: The axes in brief: People & Society · Reading: language diversity and French as the official language · Ethnic and linguistic diversity · Ethnic groups and languages

  11. 11

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Administrative regions — 02 Society

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Administrative regions

  12. 12

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Independence — 01 Geography

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: From independence to today · Independence

  13. 13

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    President of the Republic per Presidency website — 03 Leadership

    Official · Published 2026-09-29 · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Institutional context · President of the Republic according to the Presidency website · Presidency of the Togolese Republic

  14. 14

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    President of the Republic: election date per Presidency site — 03 Leadership

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Institutional context · Election of the President of the Republic

  15. 15

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    President of the Council per Presidency website — 03 Leadership

    Official · Published 2026-07-10 · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Institutional context · President of the Council according to the Presidency website

  16. 16

    republicoftogo.com (official news portal of the Togolese Republic)

    Parliamentary system and President of the Council — 04 Institutions

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Institutional context · Appointment of the President of the Council as reported by the official portal

  17. 17

    Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Économiques et Démographiques (INSEED)

    Population RGPH-5 2022 — 02 Society

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Population in the National Institute of Statistics figures · 2022 General Census · National Institute of Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED)

  18. 18

    Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Économiques et Démographiques (INSEED)

    Population growth rate — 02 Society

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Population growth · Population growth between 2010 and 2022

  19. 19

    Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Économiques et Démographiques (INSEED)

    Inflation November 2025 — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2025-12-11 · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Inflation in November 2025 · Inflation

  20. 20

    Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (BCEAO)

    UMOA membership via BCEAO — 06 Regional

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Currency and monetary union · West African Monetary Union · Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO)

  21. 21

    republicoftogo.com (official news portal of the Togolese Republic)

    Budget surplus 2024 — 05 Economy

    Media · Published 2026-10-07 · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: State accounts for 2024

  22. 22

    Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Économiques et Démographiques (INSEED)

    Population of Grand Lome (RGPH-5) — 02 Society

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Population of Greater Lomé

  23. 23

    Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (BCEAO)

    Currency: CFA franc issued by BCEAO — 05 Economy

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: In practice: language and currency · Currency and monetary union · Currency · Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO)

  24. 24

    Saudi Fund for Development (SFD)

    Drilling of 32 wells in Togo funded by Saudi grant — 07 Saudi relations

    Official · Published 2024-02-24 · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Reading: what shows and what does not in the relationship · The wells project · Drilling of 32 wells with a Saudi grant · The Saudi Fund for Development announced in February 2024 the launch of drilling and equipping of 32 wells in Togo funded by a Saudi grant of 5 million US dollars.

  25. 25

    Saudi Fund for Development (SFD)

    Wells project scope — 07 Saudi relations

    Official · Published 2024-02-24 · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: The wells project · Scope of the wells project

  26. 26

    Saudi Fund for Development (SFD)

    SFD cumulative financing to Togo since 1980 (Feb 2024) — 07 Saudi relations

    Official · Published 2024-02-24 · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Relations with Saudi Arabia · Saudi Fund for Development financing since 1980 · Saudi Fund for Development loans to Togo · Saudi Fund for Development

  27. 27

    Saudi Fund for Development (SFD)

    Reception of Togo's water minister at SFD (Oct 2022) — 07 Saudi relations

    Official · Published 2022-10-26 · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: A meeting at the Fund's headquarters · Reception of Togo's water minister at the Fund

  28. 28

    Saudi Fund for Development (SFD)

    SFD total loans and grants to Togo (Oct 2022) — 07 Saudi relations

    Official · Published 2022-10-26 · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Reading: what shows and what does not in the relationship · A meeting at the Fund's headquarters · Total loans and grants (October 2022) · The Saudi Fund for Development stated in October 2022 that the total of loans and grants provided to Togo was about 60 million US dollars.

  29. 29

    Saudi Fund for Development (SFD)

    Saudi government grants to Togo via SFD (Feb 2024) — 07 Saudi relations

    Official · Published 2024-02-24 · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Grants from the Kingdom's government · Grants from the Kingdom's government to Togo through the Fund

  30. 30

    Ministère des Finances et du Budget

    Ministry of Finance and Budget role — 04 Institutions

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Institutional context · Ministry of Finance and Budget

  31. 31

    INSEED

    INSEED mission/status — 04 Institutions

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: National Institute of Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED)

  32. 32

    republicoftogo.com

    Official news portal — 04 Institutions

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Official portal · Official information portal of the Togolese Republic (republicoftogo.com)

  33. 33

    République togolaise (official news portal republicoftogo.com)

    President of the Council: head of government with executive authority (official portal, 3 May 2025) — 03 Leadership

    Media · Published 2025-05-03 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: From within · The axes in brief: Institutional context · Institutional context · President of the Council according to the official portal

  34. 34

    République togolaise (official news portal republicoftogo.com)

    President of the Republic: ceremonial role under the new Constitution (official portal, 3 May 2025) — 03 Leadership

    Media · Published 2025-05-03 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context · Role of the President of the Republic under the new Constitution

  35. 35

    République togolaise (official news portal republicoftogo.com)

    Election of the President of the Republic by Parliament in Congress (official portal, 3 May 2025) — 03 Leadership

    Media · Published 2025-05-03 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context · Role of the President of the Republic under the new Constitution

  36. 36

    République togolaise (official news portal republicoftogo.com)

    Appointment of the President of the Council by the National Assembly: date (official portal, 3 May 2025) — 03 Leadership

    Media · Published 2025-05-03 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context

  37. 37

    République togolaise (official news portal republicoftogo.com)

    President of the Council: head of government answerable to Parliament (official portal, 3 May 2025, French) — 03 Leadership

    Media · Published 2025-05-03 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context

  38. 38

    République togolaise (official news portal republicoftogo.com)

    President of the Republic: honorific and symbolic role, elected by both chambers (official portal, 3 May 2025, French) — 03 Leadership

    Media · Published 2025-05-03 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context

  39. 39

    République togolaise (official news portal republicoftogo.com)

    Constitution of 2024 replaced that of 1992 (official portal, 3 May 2025) — 04 Institutions

    Media · Published 2025-05-03 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context

  40. 40

    World Bank (Togo country overview page)

    Parliamentary system and executive authority (World Bank country overview) — 04 Institutions

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: From within · The axes in brief: Institutional context · Institutional context · Parliamentary system according to the World Bank

  41. 41

    World Bank (Togo country overview page)

    Bicameral Parliament elects the President of the Republic and the President of the Council (World Bank) — 04 Institutions

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context · Parliamentary system according to the World Bank

  42. 42

    World Bank (Togo country overview page)

    Ruling party (World Bank country overview) — 04 Institutions

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context

  43. 43

    République togolaise (official news portal republicoftogo.com)

    First government of the Fifth Republic (official portal, 9 October 2025) — 03 Leadership

    Official · Published 2025-10-09 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context

  44. 44

    République togolaise (official news portal republicoftogo.com)

    Pairs of full ministers and delegate ministers (official portal, 9 October 2025) — 03 Leadership

    Official · Published 2025-10-09 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context

  45. 45

    République togolaise (official news portal republicoftogo.com)

    Government declared complete after appointments (official portal, 24 January 2026) — 03 Leadership

    Official · Published 2026-01-24 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context

  46. 46

    Ministère des Finances et du Budget (Togo)

    Minister of Finance and Budget (Ministry of Finance news, 17 September 2026) — 03 Leadership

    Official · Published 2026-09-17 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: In practice: a map of counterparts · Institutional context · Minister of Finance and Budget

  47. 47

    Ministère des Finances et du Budget (Togo)

    Minister of Economy and Strategic Watch (Ministry of Finance news, 17 September 2026) — 03 Leadership

    Official · Published 2026-09-17 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: In practice: a map of counterparts · Institutional context

  48. 48

    Ministère des Finances et du Budget (Togo)

    National Credit Council (Ministry of Finance news, 17 September 2026) — 04 Institutions

    Official · Published 2026-09-17 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context

  49. 49

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    National Council of Traditional Chiefs provided for by the Constitution (Presidency news, 15 July 2025) — 04 Institutions

    Official · Published 2025-07-15 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context

  50. 50

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Article 42 of the Constitution: the President of the Republic receives traditional chiefs (Presidency news, 15 July 2025) — 04 Institutions

    Official · Published 2025-07-15 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context

  51. 51

    Ministère des Finances et du Budget (Togo)

    UEMOA annual review of community reforms: implementation rate 2025 (Ministry of Finance news, 29 September 2026) — 06 Regional

    Official · Published 2026-09-29 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context

  52. 52

    Journal officiel de la République togolaise (jo.gouv.tg)

    Official Gazette portal jo.gouv.tg — 04 Institutions

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The Official Gazette and the University of Lomé · Official Gazette of the Togolese Republic

  53. 53

    ARCEP Togo (Autorité de Régulation des Communications Electroniques et des Postes)

    ARCEP created by law (ARCEP website) — 04 Institutions

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Electronic Communications and Postal Regulatory Authority (ARCEP)

  54. 54

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Government roadmap Togo 2025: portfolio of priority projects (Presidency website) — 04 Institutions

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context

  55. 55

    World Bank (Togo country overview page)

    New Government Roadmap 2026-2031 and Vision 2040 (World Bank country overview) — 04 Institutions

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: In practice: what not to assume · Institutional context · Government Roadmap 2026-2031

  56. 56

    World Bank (Togo country overview page)

    Targets of the Government Roadmap 2026-2031: living standards and poverty by 2040 (World Bank) — 04 Institutions

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context

  57. 57

    Ministère des Finances et du Budget (Togo)

    New government roadmap 2026-2031 cited by the Minister of Finance (17 September 2026) — 04 Institutions

    Official · Published 2026-09-17 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context

  58. 58

    Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, de la Coopération, de l’Intégration Africaine et des Togolais de l’Extérieur (Togo)

    Ministry of Foreign Affairs website — 04 Institutions

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Cooperation, African Integration and Togolese Abroad

  59. 59

    Ministère de l’Agriculture, de la Pêche, des Ressources Animales et de la Souveraineté Alimentaire (Togo)

    Ministry of Agriculture website — 04 Institutions

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: In practice: a map of counterparts · Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Animal Resources and Food Sovereignty

  60. 60

    Ministère délégué chargé du Commerce et du Contrôle de Qualité (Togo)

    Ministry delegate for Trade website — 04 Institutions

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: In practice: a map of counterparts · Delegate Ministry in charge of Trade and Quality Control

  61. 61

    Ministère de la Santé, de l’Hygiène Publique, de la Couverture Sanitaire Universelle et des Assurances (Togo)

    Ministry of Health website — 04 Institutions

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Ministry of Health, Public Hygiene, Universal Health Coverage and Insurance

  62. 62

    Office Togolais des Recettes (OTR)

    OTR tax authority website — 04 Institutions

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: In practice: a map of counterparts · Togolese Revenue Office (OTR)

  63. 63

    Université de Lomé

    University of Lomé website — 04 Institutions

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The Official Gazette and the University of Lomé · University of Lomé

  64. 64

    Port Autonome de Lomé (togo-port.net)

    Port Autonome de Lomé: area and free port status — 04 Institutions

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Economy & Investment · The Port of Lomé as it presents itself · Area worth studying: logistics and transit services · In practice: a map of counterparts · Port Autonome de Lomé · Logistics and transit services

  65. 65

    Port Autonome de Lomé (togo-port.net)

    Port Autonome de Lomé: 900 ha domain — 05 Economy

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The Port of Lomé as it presents itself · Port Autonome de Lomé · Port and logistics

  66. 66

    Port Autonome de Lomé (togo-port.net)

    Port Autonome de Lomé: strategic position claim — 05 Economy

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The Port of Lomé as it presents itself

  67. 67

    Port Autonome de Lomé (togo-port.net)

    Port Autonome de Lomé: breakwaters and 24-hour access — 05 Economy

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The Port of Lomé as it presents itself

  68. 68

    INSEED (Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Économiques et Démographiques)

    Population by region, RGPH-5 2022 (INSEED) — 02 Society

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: People & Society · Population by region in the 2022 census · Reading: a young, mostly rural society around a large capital

  69. 69

    INSEED (Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Économiques et Démographiques)

    Population by area of residence and sex, RGPH-5 2022 (INSEED) — 02 Society

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: People & Society · Urban, rural and sex breakdown in the census · Reading: a young, mostly rural society around a large capital · Population by area of residence (2022)

  70. 70

    INSEED (Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Économiques et Démographiques)

    Urbanisation rate, RGPH-5 2022 (INSEED) — 02 Society

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Urban, rural and sex breakdown in the census · Urbanisation rate in the 2022 census

  71. 71

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Ethnic groups named by the Presidency — 02 Society

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Some of the ethnic groups named · Reading: language diversity and French as the official language

  72. 72

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Early human activity (Presidency history page) — 02 Society

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Ancient traces in the north

  73. 73

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    German protectorate and League of Nations mandates (Presidency history page) — 02 Society

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: A German protectorate from 1884

  74. 74

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Partition after the First World War (Presidency history page) — 02 Society

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The League of Nations mandate of 1922

  75. 75

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Western part attached to Ghana in 1956 (Presidency history page) — 02 Society

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The western part attached to Ghana in 1956

  76. 76

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Climate of the south (Presidency page on natural assets) — 01 Geography

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Climate, rivers and national parks

  77. 77

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Main rivers and lakes (Presidency page on natural assets) — 01 Geography

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Climate, rivers and national parks

  78. 78

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    National parks (Presidency page on natural assets) — 01 Geography

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Climate, rivers and national parks

  79. 79

    World Bank (Togo country overview page)

    Human Capital Index 0.43 (World Bank country overview) — 10 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Human development and human capital

  80. 80

    World Bank (Togo country overview page)

    Population about 8.6 million in 2025 and rural-urban poverty gap (World Bank overview) — 02 Society

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: From within · A demographic picture from World Bank estimates · The axes in brief: Humanitarian & Development · Rural and urban living standards · Reading: where needs are concentrated

  81. 81

    World Bank (Togo country overview page)

    Working-age population growth and job creation (World Bank overview) — 10 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: From within · The axes in brief: Humanitarian & Development · Employment and the labour market · Reading: where needs are concentrated

  82. 82

    World Bank (Togo country overview page)

    Underemployment and youth formal employment (World Bank overview) — 10 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Humanitarian & Development · Employment and the labour market

  83. 83

    World Bank (Togo country overview page)

    State of emergency in the north extended to March 2027 (World Bank overview) — 10 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Security context in the north

  84. 84

    World Bank (Togo country overview page)

    Emergency programme PURS (World Bank overview) — 10 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The emergency programme for resilience

  85. 85

    World Bank (Togo country overview page)

    COSO project additional financing of 69 million US dollars in June 2026 (World Bank overview) — 10 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Additional financing for the social cohesion project

  86. 86

    World Bank (Togo country overview page)

    World Bank portfolio in Togo (World Bank overview) — 10 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The World Bank portfolio in Togo

  87. 87

    World Bank (Togo country overview page)

    Additional financing for essential health services in FY26 (World Bank overview) — 10 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Additional financing for essential health services

  88. 88

    World Bank (Togo country overview page)

    AgriConnect multi-phase approach of 300 million US dollars approved in 2025 (World Bank overview) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The 300 million dollar AgriConnect programme

  89. 89

    World Bank (Togo country overview page)

    Real GDP growth 6.5% in 2024 and estimated 6.3% in 2025 (World Bank overview) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The World Bank’s growth estimate · Reading: three figures for 2025 growth

  90. 90

    World Bank (Togo country overview page)

    World Bank projection of growth 5.2% in 2026 — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The World Bank projection for 2026

  91. 91

    World Bank (Togo country overview page)

    World Bank projection of growth 5.8% in 2027 and 6.2% in 2028 — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The World Bank projection for 2027 and 2028

  92. 92

    World Bank (Togo country overview page)

    Average real GDP growth of 5.4% over 15 years (World Bank overview) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Average growth over 15 years

  93. 93

    World Bank (Togo country overview page)

    Assets listed by the World Bank for a job-creating growth model — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: From within · Reading: multimodal logistics assets · Area worth studying: logistics and transit services · Logistics and transit services

  94. 94

    World Bank (Togo country overview page)

    Restructuring of the national electricity company CEET (World Bank overview) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Restructuring of the national electricity company · Area worth studying: solar power and grids · Solar power and grids

  95. 95

    INSEED (Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Économiques et Démographiques)

    Nominal GDP 2022-2024 (INSEED first estimates) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2025-10-07 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Nominal GDP · Nominal GDP 2024

  96. 96

    INSEED (Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Économiques et Démographiques)

    Real GDP growth 2023 and 2024 (INSEED first estimates) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2025-10-07 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Real growth after Covid · Real GDP growth 2023 and 2024

  97. 97

    INSEED (Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Économiques et Démographiques)

    Fourth-quarter 2024 growth by sector (INSEED) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2025-10-07 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The fourth quarter of 2024

  98. 98

    INSEED (Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Économiques et Démographiques)

    Government roadmap 2020-2025 credited with the industrial platform (INSEED) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2025-10-07 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The Adétikopé Industrial Platform

  99. 99

    INSEED (Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Économiques et Démographiques)

    Planned agricultural development zones, fertiliser subsidy and input credit (INSEED) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2025-10-07 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Farm finance, inputs and information

  100. 100

    Ministère des Finances et du Budget (Togo)

    Government projection of growth 6.3% in 2026 against 6.1% in 2025 (Ministry of Finance, 17 September 2026) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-17 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The government’s growth projection for 2026 · Reading: three figures for 2025 growth

  101. 101

    Ministère des Finances et du Budget (Togo)

    Inflation 0.5% at end of June 2026 (Ministry of Finance, 17 September 2026) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-17 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Inflation in mid-2026

  102. 102

    Ministère des Finances et du Budget (Togo)

    Agricultural credit up 93.3% to 15.4 billion FCFA (Ministry of Finance, 17 September 2026) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-17 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Farm finance, inputs and information · Area worth studying: local processing of coffee, cocoa and cotton · Local processing of coffee, cocoa and cotton

  103. 103

    Ministère des Finances et du Budget (Togo)

    Tax revenue collected to the third quarter of 2025 (Ministry of Finance, 10 January 2026) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-01-10 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Tax revenue to the third quarter of 2025

  104. 104

    Ministère des Finances et du Budget (Togo)

    B-READY 2025: Togo score 61.52 (Ministry of Finance relaying the World Bank report, 10 January 2026) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-01-10 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: B-READY and company creation · B-READY 2025 report

  105. 105

    Ministère des Finances et du Budget (Togo)

    Enterprises created in 2025 (Ministry of Finance, 10 January 2026) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-01-10 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: B-READY and company creation

  106. 106

    Ministère des Finances et du Budget (Togo)

    Companies established at the Adétikopé platform (Ministry of Finance, 10 January 2026) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-01-10 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The Adétikopé Industrial Platform

  107. 107

    Ministère des Finances et du Budget (Togo)

    Public investment budget of more than 540 billion FCFA in 2025 (Ministry of Finance, 6 January 2026) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-01-06 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Public investment in 2025

  108. 108

    Ministère des Finances et du Budget (Togo)

    Logistics and transport programme of 200 million US dollars from the World Bank (Ministry of Finance, 23 June 2026) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-06-23 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The 200 million dollar logistics and transport programme · Reading: multimodal logistics assets · Area worth studying: logistics and transit services · In practice: what not to assume · The rail and logistics programme · Logistics and transit services

  109. 109

    Ministère des Finances et du Budget (Togo)

    Expected beneficiaries of the logistics and transport programme (Ministry of Finance, 23 June 2026) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-06-23 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The 200 million dollar logistics and transport programme

  110. 110

    Ministère des Finances et du Budget (Togo)

    First African Air Transport Convention in Lomé (Ministry of Finance, 16 June 2026) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-06-16 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Lomé hosts the first African air transport convention · Reading: multimodal logistics assets

  111. 111

    Ministère des Finances et du Budget (Togo)

    ECOWAS Investment Forum 2027 planned in Lomé (Ministry of Finance, 29 September 2026) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-29 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: ECOWAS Investment Forum 2027 · In practice: what not to assume

  112. 112

    Ministère des Finances et du Budget (Togo)

    First ECOWAS Investment Forum in Lomé in 2024 (Ministry of Finance, 29 September 2026) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-29 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The 2024 forum as recalled by the bank’s president

  113. 113

    Ministère des Finances et du Budget (Togo)

    Tax audit guarantees stated by the OTR to Chinese companies (Ministry of Finance, 3 October 2026) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-10-03 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: In practice: tax audit guarantees · Togolese Revenue Office (OTR)

  114. 114

    Ministère des Finances et du Budget (Togo)

    Bilingual guide and focal points for Chinese companies (Ministry of Finance, 3 October 2026) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-10-03 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: In practice: tax audit guarantees

  115. 115

    Ecofin Agency (relaying INSEED)

    Exports and imports in the fourth quarter of 2025 (Ecofin Agency relaying INSEED) — 05 Economy

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Foreign trade in the fourth quarter of 2025

  116. 116

    Ecofin Agency (relaying INSEED)

    Main export products in the fourth quarter of 2025 (Ecofin Agency relaying INSEED) — 05 Economy

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Export structure and destinations · Phosphates and minerals

  117. 117

    Ecofin Agency (relaying INSEED)

    Main export markets in the fourth quarter of 2025 (Ecofin Agency relaying INSEED) — 05 Economy

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Export structure and destinations

  118. 118

    Ecofin Agency (relaying the IMF)

    IMF third and fourth reviews of the ECF completed (Ecofin Agency relaying the IMF) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: A new IMF disbursement

  119. 119

    Ecofin Agency (relaying the IMF)

    IMF assessment of the programme and 2025 growth (Ecofin Agency relaying the IMF) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The IMF assessment of performance · Reading: three figures for 2025 growth

  120. 120

    Ministère délégué chargé du Commerce et du Contrôle de Qualité (Togo)

    Coffee and cocoa exports 2024-2025 and 2025-2026 (Ministry of Trade, 8 September 2026) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-08 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Coffee and cocoa: export trends · Reading: agriculture, employment and production · Area worth studying: local processing of coffee, cocoa and cotton · Coffee and cocoa exports · Delegate Ministry in charge of Trade and Quality Control · Coffee, cocoa and cotton · Local processing of coffee, cocoa and cotton

  121. 121

    Ministère délégué chargé du Commerce et du Contrôle de Qualité (Togo)

    Government explanation of the 2025-2026 decline in coffee and cocoa exports (Ministry of Trade, 8 September 2026) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-08 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Coffee and cocoa: export trends

  122. 122

    Ministère délégué chargé du Commerce et du Contrôle de Qualité (Togo)

    Cocoa post-harvest excellence centres inaugurated in May and June 2026 (Ministry of Trade, 8 September 2026) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-08 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Cocoa quality: post-harvest centres and two medals

  123. 123

    Ministère délégué chargé du Commerce et du Contrôle de Qualité (Togo)

    Gold medals at the Cocoa of Excellence Awards 2025 (Ministry of Trade, 8 September 2026) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-08 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Cocoa quality: post-harvest centres and two medals

  124. 124

    allAfrica (article republished from a media source)

    Cotton: fertiliser supply for the 2026 campaign (allAfrica, April 2026) — 05 Economy

    Media · Published 2026-04-07 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Cotton: fertiliser for the 2026 campaign

  125. 125

    allAfrica (article republished from a media source)

    Cotton: 2025-2026 target of 92,500 tonnes of seed cotton (allAfrica, April 2026) — 05 Economy

    Media · Published 2026-04-07 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The 2025-2026 cotton campaign target · Area worth studying: local processing of coffee, cocoa and cotton · In practice: what not to assume · Local processing of coffee, cocoa and cotton

  126. 126

    allAfrica (article republished from a media source)

    Cotton production has not exceeded 70,000 tonnes between 2020 and 2025 (allAfrica, April 2026) — 05 Economy

    Media · Published 2026-04-07 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Cotton: the production ceiling between 2020 and 2025 · Reading: agriculture, employment and production

  127. 127

    Ministère de l’Agriculture, de la Pêche, des Ressources Animales et de la Souveraineté Alimentaire (Togo)

    FSRP: the SIHAM information system reached nearly 220,000 producers (Ministry of Agriculture, 25 September 2026) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-25 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Farm finance, inputs and information · Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Animal Resources and Food Sovereignty

  128. 128

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Minerals: phosphate first (Presidency page on natural assets) — 05 Economy

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: From within · The axes in brief: Economy & Investment · Phosphate, limestone and clay · Phosphates and minerals

  129. 129

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Mining strategy PDGM (Presidency page on natural assets) — 05 Economy

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The government mining strategy

  130. 130

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Target of 50% renewable energy in the energy mix by 2030 (Presidency page) — 05 Economy

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The 2030 renewable energy target · Area worth studying: solar power and grids · Solar power and grids

  131. 131

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Revised nationally determined contribution of 20.51% by 2030 (Presidency page) — 05 Economy

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The nationally determined contribution and the Paris Agreement

  132. 132

    allAfrica (article republished from a media source)

    Port of Lomé traffic in 2024 (allAfrica, January 2026) — 05 Economy

    Media · Published 2026-01-12 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Port traffic in 2024

  133. 133

    allAfrica (article republished from a media source)

    Port of Lomé vessels in 2024 (allAfrica, January 2026) — 05 Economy

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Port traffic in 2024

  134. 134

    Le360 Afrique (with AFP)

    Container traffic at the Port of Lomé in 2025 (Le360 Afrique with AFP, 21 September 2026) — 05 Economy

    Media · Published 2026-09-21 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Containers and the Lloyd’s List ranking · Reading: multimodal logistics assets · Area worth studying: logistics and transit services · In practice: what not to assume · Port of Lomé containers 2025 · Port and logistics · Logistics and transit services

  135. 135

    Le360 Afrique (with AFP)

    Rank of the Port of Lomé in the Lloyd's List ranking (Le360 Afrique with AFP, 21 September 2026) — 05 Economy

    Media · Published 2026-09-21 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Containers and the Lloyd’s List ranking

  136. 136

    Le360 Afrique (with AFP)

    Dredging of the Port of Lomé in 2025 (Le360 Afrique with AFP, 21 September 2026) — 05 Economy

    Media · Published 2026-09-21 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Dredging of the port in 2025

  137. 137

    ARCEP Togo (Autorité de Régulation des Communications Electroniques et des Postes)

    Mobile internet market: two operators (ARCEP, 28 April 2025) — 09 Media

    Media · Published 2025-04-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Area worth studying: digital services and connectivity · The axes in brief: Media & Stories · The mobile internet market · Electronic Communications and Postal Regulatory Authority (ARCEP) · Telecommunications · Digital services

  138. 138

    ARCEP Togo (Autorité de Régulation des Communications Electroniques et des Postes)

    4G share of national internet traffic (ARCEP, 28 April 2025) — 09 Media

    Media · Published 2025-04-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The mobile internet market · Telecommunications

  139. 139

    ARCEP Togo (Autorité de Régulation des Communications Electroniques et des Postes)

    Free roaming protocol with Burkina Faso (ARCEP, 21 April 2025) — 09 Media

    Media · Published 2025-04-21 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Free roaming with Burkina Faso

  140. 140

    ARCEP Togo (Autorité de Régulation des Communications Electroniques et des Postes)

    Free roaming with Ghana, Benin and Côte d'Ivoire (ARCEP, 11 October 2024) — 09 Media

    Media · Published 2024-10-11 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Launch of free roaming with Ghana

  141. 141

    Bénin Web TV (relaying ARCEP)

    Mobile subscriptions above 8.6 million at end of September 2025 (Bénin Web TV relaying ARCEP, 29 January 2026) — 09 Media

    Media · Published 2026-01-29 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Area worth studying: digital services and connectivity · Mobile subscriptions pass 100% · Reading: why penetration figures differ · Digital services

  142. 142

    INSEED (Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Économiques et Démographiques)

    National statistical portals (INSEED website) — 09 Media

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Media & Stories · National data portals

  143. 143

    INSEED (Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Économiques et Démographiques)

    Launch of the fourth Demographic and Health Survey (INSEED website) — 09 Media

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: National data portals

  144. 144

    Reporters Without Borders (RSF)

    RSF World Press Freedom Index 2026: rank 97 of 180 — 09 Media

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Press freedom ranking · Press freedom ranking 2026

  145. 145

    Reporters Without Borders (RSF)

    RSF World Press Freedom Index 2025: rank 121 of 180 — 09 Media

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Press freedom ranking · Press freedom ranking 2026

  146. 146

    Reporters Without Borders (RSF)

    Media landscape according to RSF — 09 Media

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Media & Stories · The media landscape as RSF describes it

  147. 147

    Reporters Without Borders (RSF)

    State television according to RSF — 09 Media

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The media landscape as RSF describes it

  148. 148

    Reporters Without Borders (RSF)

    Press law framework according to RSF — 09 Media

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The legal framework according to RSF

  149. 149

    Reporters Without Borders (RSF)

    Law of 2020 on journalistic independence according to RSF — 09 Media

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The legal framework according to RSF

  150. 150

    Reporters Without Borders (RSF)

    Political influence over state media according to RSF — 09 Media

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Independence and funding according to RSF

  151. 151

    Reporters Without Borders (RSF)

    Financial difficulties of the media according to RSF — 09 Media

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Independence and funding according to RSF

  152. 152

    United Nations Development Coordination Office (UN DCO)

    Human Development Index 0.571 and medium human development category (United Nations) — 10 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Human development and human capital · Human Development Index

  153. 153

    UNESCO World Heritage Centre

    World Heritage property: Koutammakou (UNESCO) — 08 Culture

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Culture & Identity · Koutammakou on the World Heritage List · Reading: a culture tied to land and seasons · World Heritage property

  154. 154

    UNESCO World Heritage Centre

    Tentative List of Togo (UNESCO) — 08 Culture

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Togo’s Tentative List

  155. 155

    UNESCO World Heritage Centre

    Acceptance of the World Heritage Convention (UNESCO) — 08 Culture

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Acceptance of the World Heritage Convention

  156. 156

    UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage

    Intangible cultural heritage elements inscribed for Togo (UNESCO) — 08 Culture

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Culture & Identity · Intangible heritage elements · Intangible cultural heritage

  157. 157

    UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage

    Ratification of the 2003 Convention (UNESCO) — 08 Culture

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Ratification of the 2003 Convention

  158. 158

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Tingban pab harvest festival (Presidency page) — 08 Culture

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Harvest festivals and initiation rites · Reading: a culture tied to land and seasons

  159. 159

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Evala initiation wrestling (Presidency page) — 08 Culture

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Culture & Identity · Harvest festivals and initiation rites · Reading: a culture tied to land and seasons

  160. 160

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Sintou-Djandjaagou harvest festival (Presidency page) — 08 Culture

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Harvest festivals and initiation rites

  161. 161

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Notsé, cradle of the Ewé people, and Agbogbozan (Presidency page) — 08 Culture

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Notsé and the cradle of the Ewé people · Reading: a culture tied to land and seasons

  162. 162

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Tchébé stilt dance at Atakpamé (Presidency page) — 08 Culture

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Atakpamé: stilt dance and the coffee-cocoa triangle

  163. 163

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Coffee-cocoa triangle of the Plateaux region (Presidency page) — 08 Culture

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Atakpamé: stilt dance and the coffee-cocoa triangle

  164. 164

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    Tamberma valley and Koutamakou (Presidency page) — 08 Culture

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The Tamberma valley and Koutamakou from Kara · Reading: a culture tied to land and seasons

  165. 165

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    National flag adopted on independence day (Presidency page) — 08 Culture

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The flag and the national anthem

  166. 166

    Présidence de la République Togolaise

    National anthem "Terre de nos aïeux" (Presidency page) — 08 Culture

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The flag and the national anthem

  167. 167

    République togolaise (official news portal republicoftogo.com)

    ITFC framework agreement of 250 million US dollars with Togo (official portal, 17 May 2023) — 07 Saudi relations

    Media · Published 2023-05-17 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Relations with Saudi Arabia · Framework agreement with the Islamic Trade Finance Corporation · Reading: what shows and what does not in the relationship · ITFC framework agreement · The International Islamic Trade Finance Corporation (a member of the Islamic Development Bank Group, a multilateral institution and not a bilateral Saudi body) signed a framework agreement of 250 million US dollars with Togo in energy, agriculture and the private sector.

  168. 168

    République togolaise (official news portal republicoftogo.com)

    ITFC agreement under the AATB national programme for Togo (official portal, 17 May 2023) — 07 Saudi relations

    Media · Published 2023-05-17 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: An agreement under the national AATB programme

  169. 169

    Joint communiqué of the visit posted on the website of Prof. Robert Dussey, Togolese Minister of Foreign Affairs

    Official visit of the Togolese foreign minister to Riyadh, 4-6 October 2021 — 07 Saudi relations

    Media · Published 2021-10-06 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Relations with Saudi Arabia · The Togolese foreign minister’s visit to Riyadh in 2021 · Visit of the Togolese foreign minister to Riyadh · According to a joint communiqué on the personal website of the then Togolese foreign minister, the minister paid an official visit to Riyadh from 4 to 6 October 2021, and Togo announced a plan to open an embassy there.

  170. 170

    Joint communiqué of the visit posted on the website of Prof. Robert Dussey, Togolese Minister of Foreign Affairs

    Togo thanks the Kingdom for support through the Saudi Fund for Development, the OIC and the IsDB (communiqué, October 2021) — 07 Saudi relations

    Media · Published 2021-10-06 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The Togolese foreign minister’s visit to Riyadh in 2021

  171. 171

    Joint communiqué of the visit posted on the website of Prof. Robert Dussey, Togolese Minister of Foreign Affairs

    Priority sectors identified for investment cooperation (communiqué, October 2021) — 07 Saudi relations

    Media · Published 2021-10-06 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Priority sectors named in the communiqué · Reading: what shows and what does not in the relationship

  172. 172

    Joint communiqué of the visit posted on the website of Prof. Robert Dussey, Togolese Minister of Foreign Affairs

    Plan to open an embassy in Riyadh and keep the consulate general in Jeddah (communiqué, October 2021) — 07 Saudi relations

    Media · Published 2021-10-06 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The plan to open an embassy in Riyadh

  173. 173

    Financial Afrik (media)

    Memorandum of understanding between Togo and the Saudi Fund for Development, 22 February 2022 — 07 Saudi relations

    Media · Published 2022-02-23 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Memorandum with the Saudi Fund for Development, 2022 · Reading: what shows and what does not in the relationship · Memorandum with the Saudi Fund for Development · According to Financial Afrik, Togo and the Saudi Fund for Development signed in Lomé a memorandum of understanding on financing two projects of the Togo 2025 roadmap.

  174. 174

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Structure of value added · Agriculture

  175. 175

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Industry (including construction), value added (% of GDP) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Structure of value added

  176. 176

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Services, value added (% of GDP) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Structure of value added

  177. 177

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Trade openness

  178. 178

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Trade openness

  179. 179

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Foreign direct investment

  180. 180

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Personal remittances, received (% of GDP) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Personal remittances

  181. 181

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    External debt stocks (% of GNI) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: External debt

  182. 182

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Revenue, excluding grants (% of GDP) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Government revenue

  183. 183

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Agriculture and jobs · Reading: agriculture, employment and production · Area worth studying: local processing of coffee, cocoa and cotton · Agriculture · Local processing of coffee, cocoa and cotton

  184. 184

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Merchandise exports (current US$) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Merchandise exports

  185. 185

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Arable land (% of land area) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Arable land

  186. 186

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day (2021 PPP) (% of population) — 10 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Humanitarian & Development · Living standards and income distribution

  187. 187

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Gini index — 10 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Humanitarian & Development · Living standards and income distribution

  188. 188

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) — 10 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Adult literacy

  189. 189

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    School enrollment, primary (% gross) — 10 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Primary school enrolment

  190. 190

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    School enrollment, secondary (% gross) — 10 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Secondary education and education spending

  191. 191

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP) — 10 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Secondary education and education spending

  192. 192

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    People using at least basic drinking water services (% of population) — 10 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Water and sanitation

  193. 193

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    People using at least basic sanitation services (% of population) — 10 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Water and sanitation · Reading: where needs are concentrated

  194. 194

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) — 10 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Health and fertility in 2024

  195. 195

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births) — 10 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Maternal health and health spending in 2023

  196. 196

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Physicians (per 1,000 people) — 10 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Physician density

  197. 197

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Current health expenditure (% of GDP) — 10 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Maternal health and health spending in 2023

  198. 198

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Access to electricity (% of population) — 10 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Area worth studying: solar power and grids · Access to electricity · Solar power and grids

  199. 199

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Access to electricity, rural (% of rural population) — 10 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Area worth studying: solar power and grids · Access to electricity · Reading: where needs are concentrated · Solar power and grids

  200. 200

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Access to electricity, urban (% of urban population) — 10 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Area worth studying: solar power and grids · Access to electricity · Solar power and grids

  201. 201

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Fertility rate, total (births per woman) — 02 Society

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Health and fertility in 2024

  202. 202

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Population ages 65 and above (% of total population) — 02 Society

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: A demographic picture from World Bank estimates

  203. 203

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Rural population (% of total population) — 02 Society

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: A demographic picture from World Bank estimates

  204. 204

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Urban population (% of total population) — 02 Society

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: A demographic picture from World Bank estimates

  205. 205

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Population ages 0-14 (% of total population) — 02 Society

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: People & Society · A demographic picture from World Bank estimates · Reading: a young, mostly rural society around a large capital

  206. 206

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Life expectancy at birth, total (years) — 10 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Health and fertility in 2024

  207. 207

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Individuals using the Internet (% of population) — 09 Media

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Area worth studying: digital services and connectivity · World Bank connectivity indicators · Reading: why penetration figures differ · Digital services

  208. 208

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) — 09 Media

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: World Bank connectivity indicators · Reading: why penetration figures differ

  209. 209

    World Bank (World Development Indicators API)

    Population growth (annual %) — 02 Society

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: A demographic picture from World Bank estimates

  210. 210

    Reporters Without Borders (RSF)

    Access to information for critical privately owned media according to RSF — 09 Media

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The legal framework according to RSF

  211. 211

    World Bank

    World Development Indicators: Togo

    International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Population · GDP · GDP per capita · GDP growth · Urban population · Population under 15 · Life expectancy · Access to electricity · Internet users

Other countries in the region West