West

Guinea-Bissau

غينيا بيساوGuinée-Bissau

Mission
In scope · Country file in preparation
Country file
Published, with sources · Last reviewed 2026-10-07

From within

A file on Guinea-Bissau covering its people, its economy (including cashew and fisheries), its institutions during a political transition, the Bijagós World Heritage site, and its relationship with the Kingdom.

The country at a glance

Neighbours: Senegal · Guinea

Overview

The country at a glance

Population
2.2 million peopleExact value: 2,249,515World Bank · 2025 · Estimate25
GDP
2.53 US$ bnWorld Bank · 202525
GDP per capita
1,124 US$World Bank · 202525
GDP growth
5.8 %World Bank · 202525
Urban population
46.7 %World Bank · 2025 · Estimate25
Population under 15
38.3 %World Bank · 2025 · Estimate25

Country card

Capital
Bissau
Region
West
Location
Coastal
Neighbours
Senegal · Guinea
More essential facts — 18 entries
Population — 2026 estimate
About 2.2 million peopleData year: 2026Estimate20
GDP 2026 (forecast)
About US$2.9 billion; an approximate conversion of GDP in CFA francs (a derived estimate)Data year: 2026Estimate7
Nominal GDP 2026 (forecast, IMF)
CFAF 1,660 billionData year: 2026Forecast7
Cashew share of exports
About 93% of exports; the leading export earnerData year: 20251112
Capital
Bissau20
Area
About 36,125 km²20
Bijagós Archipelago
About 88 islands20
Currency
The CFA franc (XOF), pegged to the euro — West African Economic and Monetary Union and the Central Bank of West African States20
Languages
Portuguese is official; Guinea-Bissau Kriol is the lingua franca20
Independence
Proclaimed on 24 September 1973; recognised by Portugal on 10 September 1974Data year: 197320
Regional framework
West African Economic and Monetary Union · ECOWAS (membership suspended since November 2025) · Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries · African UnionData year: 20255620
Religion
A large Muslim share (about 45% by estimates; no recent census is published), alongside Christians and followers of traditional beliefsEstimate21
2025 milestone: World Heritage
Bijagós inscribed on the World Heritage List (July 2025)Data year: 202515
2025 milestone: transition
A transition period (November 2025)Data year: 202512
2026 milestone: referendum
Constitutional referendum (30 August 2026)Data year: 202656
2026 milestone: elections
Presidential and legislative elections announced (6 December 2026)Data year: 2026Announced56
World Heritage
The country’s first World Heritage site: the coastal and marine ecosystems of the Bijagós Archipelago (2025)Data year: 202515
Time zone
Bissau is on UTC+020

The axes in brief

  1. People, society and culture
  2. Institutions and national direction
  3. Economy and sectors
  4. Saudi Arabia and Guinea-Bissau
  5. Media and editorial perspectives

Geographic context and connectivity

The Bijagós

Bolama–Bijagós has been a biosphere reserve since 1996, and the archipelago’s coastal and marine ecosystems were inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2025. 15

Society

People, society and culture

Topics in this section: Why Guinea-Bissau deserves to be understood · Cashew exports · Marine wealth71112131519

People & Society

Why Guinea-Bissau deserves to be understood

Because it brings together a crop that dominates its exports (cashew), marine resources and the country’s first World Heritage site, and because it is a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Development Bank. Analysis1112131519

Cashew exports

About 211,000 tonnes of exports in 2025, according to the IMF. 71112

Marine wealth

A fisheries agreement with the European Union worth €17 million a year until 2029. 13

A new World Heritage site

The “Coastal and Marine Ecosystems of the Bijagós Archipelago – Omatí Minhô” is the country’s first site on the World Heritage List (2025): green turtle nests and migratory birds. 15

Islamic ties

A large Muslim share (by estimates). Estimate21

Membership of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Development Bank, and a Saudi Hajj quota of up to 751 pilgrims in 2025. 19

A stable currency

A member of the West African monetary union: a franc pegged to the euro, and low inflation (0.9% in 2025). 7820

Regional memberships

Membership of the West African Economic and Monetary Union and the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries. 20

General context

A single crop accounting for about 93% of export revenue, weak tax revenue (the lowest in the monetary union, according to the World Bank), poverty affecting over half of the population according to an undated estimate, and a military takeover in November 2025. Analysis128111221

A society of several groups

A society with several main groups (Fula, Balanta, Mandinka, Papel, Manjaco and Bijagó), in which Guinea-Bissau Kriol is the lingua franca. Estimate2021

Diversity and identity

The main groups are the Balanta, Fula, Mandinka, Papel, Manjaco and Bijagó. Portuguese is official, while Guinea-Bissau Kriol is the lingua franca. 20

Religion

Muslims make up a large share of the population — about 45% by estimates; no recent census is published — alongside Christians and followers of traditional beliefs. Estimate21

According to the High Commissioner for Pilgrimage, up to 751 pilgrims from Guinea-Bissau were expected for Hajj 2025 under the Saudi quota; the Hajj 2026 figure was not retrieved. 19

The World Bank projects extreme poverty at 37.8% by 2028. Forecast8

Methodological note

No recent published census data are available; the population estimate and the shares of religions and groups are estimates. Estimate2021

Culture & Identity

Topics in this section: The Bijagós: the first World Heritage site · Biosphere reserve15

The Bijagós: the first World Heritage site

On 13 July 2025 the “Coastal and Marine Ecosystems of the Bijagós Archipelago – Omatí Minhô” were inscribed on the World Heritage List, becoming the country’s first site. 15

The archipelago holds about 50,000 green turtle nests and receives up to 850,000 migratory birds a year. 15

Biosphere reserve

Bolama–Bijagós has been a biosphere reserve under the UNESCO programme since 1996. 15

Bijagós World Heritage inscription
13 July 2025Data year: 202515
Green turtle nests
About 50,000 nests15
Migratory birds
Up to 850,000 migratory birds a year15
Biosphere reserve
Bolama–Bijagós has been a biosphere reserve under the UNESCO programme since 1996Data year: 199615

Institutions

Institutions and national direction

Leadership

Section facts and information — 8 entries
President of the Transition
General Horta Inta-A Na ManData year: 202512
Prime Minister
Ilídio Vieira Té (also Minister of Finance), per secondary sources, to be re-verifiedData year: 202534
In office since
27 November 2025 (installed as President of the Transition)Data year: 202512
Next vote
Presidential and legislative elections — 6 December 2026 (announced; some reports say the end of December)Data year: 2026Announced56
Corporate income tax
25% according to the general sources reviewed (to be confirmed with the General Directorate of Taxes)2324
Sales tax
A general tax on goods and services (IGV) at 17% according to general sources (to be confirmed)2324
Currency
The CFA franc, pegged to the euro20
Regional framework
The common external tariff of the monetary union; ECOWAS membership suspended since November 2025; the Community of Portuguese-Speaking CountriesData year: 2025202324

Topics in this section: Leadership and the transition · Milestones of the transition · Business-relevant facts: ministers (names from secondary sources, to be re-verified)123420

Leadership and the transition

On 26 November 2025 a military leadership announced that it was taking power and halted the electoral process then under way; General Horta Inta-A Na Man was then installed as President of the Transition the following day. 12

The transition charter bars the head of the transition from standing in the next presidential election. 12

Milestones of the transition
  • 27–30 November 2025: installation of the head of the transition, appointment of the Prime Minister and swearing-in of the transitional government.
  • November 2025: suspension of Guinea-Bissau’s membership of ECOWAS.

123420

  • February–May 2026: agreements with the IMF on reviews of the existing programme.
  • 30 August 2026: referendum on a new constitution, with about 70% in favour and turnout of between 55% and 60%, amid a boycott by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde.
  • 6 December 2026: announced election date (other reports say late December).

56910

Business-relevant facts: ministers (names from secondary sources, to be re-verified)
  • Foreign Affairs: João Bernardo Vieira
  • Economy, Planning and Regional Integration: Mamadú Mudjetaba Djaló
  • Fisheries and Maritime Economy: Virgínia Pires Correia
  • Commerce and Industry: Jaimentino Có

34

Political facts are presented as reported in their sources, without assessment. The ministers’ names come from secondary sources and are being re-verified. 34

The investment environment: the rules as they stand

The investment promotion agency is Guiné-Bissau Investe / API-GB. 2324

The Ministry of Economy, Planning and Regional Integration; and the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. 34

The business law of the Organisation for the Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). 2324

A new constitution approved by referendum in August 2026. 56

Political timing

A transition until the elections announced for 6 December 2026 (other reports say late December); major decisions and contracts may be affected by the electoral calendar and the formation of the new government. Analysis56

An advantage and a constraint

A currency pegged to the euro and a regional business law (OHADA); against that, a transitional political phase. Analysis12202324

Institutions

Official bodies with their roles and official websites. Listing a body here does not make it a partner of the initiative.

Government and institutions 8

  • Presidency of the Transition

    Head of state during the transition

    12

  • Office of the Prime Minister

    The Prime Minister is also Minister of Finance

    34

  • Ministry of Finance

    The portfolio is held by the Prime Minister

    34

+5 more

  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Cooperation and Communities

    Foreign affairs portfolio in the transitional government

    34

  • Ministry of Economy, Planning and Regional Integration

    Portfolio: economy, planning and regional integration

    34

  • Ministry of Commerce and Industry

    Portfolio: commerce and industry

    34

  • Ministry of Fisheries and Maritime Economy

    Portfolio: fisheries and maritime economy

    34

  • Ministry of Tourism

    Tourism portfolio

    34

Investment and finance 2

  • Investment Promotion Agency (API-GB)

    Investment promotion agency

    2324

  • Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO)

    Central bank of the monetary union (member since 1997)

    20

Sectors and regulation 3

  • General Directorate of Contributions and Taxes (DGCI; Direção-Geral de Contribuições e Impostos)

    The body with which the corporate income tax and VAT rates are to be confirmed

    2324

  • High Commission for Pilgrimage

    Pilgrimage affairs; cited as the source of the 2025 Hajj quota figure

    19

  • National Council for Social Communication (CNCS)

    Regulation

    22

Media and statistics 3

  • National Radio (RDN)

    Public media

    22

  • Guinea-Bissau Television (TGB)

    Public media

    22

  • Guinea News Agency (ANG)

    Public media

    22

Economy

Economy and sectors

Topics in this section: Executive brief · Growth · Cashews and export structure781112

Executive brief

A small economy built on a single crop, growing by about 5% a year within a stable currency, and going through a political transition heading towards elections in December 2026. Forecast78

Growth

The economy grew by 4.8% in 2024 (IMF). 7

Growth of 5.5% in 2025 according to the IMF (preliminary) and 5.8% according to the World Bank. 78

The IMF projects 5.0% for 2026 and the World Bank 4.8%. Forecast78

GDP is about US$2.9 billion in 2026 (a derived estimate). Estimate7

Cashews and export structure

Cashew accounts for about 93% of exports. 1112

Tax revenue

Tax revenue between 8% and 8.5% of GDP (IMF and World Bank figures), the lowest in the monetary union according to the World Bank. 78

Public debt of 75.3% of GDP according to the IMF (75.6% according to the World Bank) in 2025. 78

An IMF programme is in place. 910

A transition phase

After the army seized power in November 2025, a new constitution was approved by referendum in August 2026, and elections were announced for 6 December 2026. 1256

Relations with Saudi Arabia

Diplomatic relations since 1983, membership of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Development Bank, and negligible Saudi imports from Guinea-Bissau. The Saudi Fund for Development made an earlier loan for rural roads and held a meeting in 2022 (its project list and amounts are not verified). 16171819

Saudi exports of about SAR 9.6 million (2025). 18

What to watch
  • The elections announced for 6 December 2026 and the end of the transition.
  • ECOWAS’s position on the suspension of membership.
  • IMF programme reviews through December 2026.
  • Cashew prices and the size of the export campaign.
  • Management of the Bijagós site after its World Heritage inscription.
  • The regional electricity link and its effect on energy costs.

Analysis5691011121415

A balanced reading

A currency pegged to the euro and membership of the West African Economic and Monetary Union, set against a narrow export base (cashew is about 93% of export revenue) and a political transition since November 2025. Analysis111220

The economy at a glance

An economy reliant on a single export crop: cashew is about 93% of export revenue. 1112

A single crop

Cashew is about 93% of export revenue. Analysis1112

A clear pattern

A narrow-based economy: a single export crop (cashew, about 93% of export revenue) and marine resources, covered by a fisheries agreement with the European Union worth €17 million a year. Analysis111213

The 2026 campaign opened on 12 March with a producer reference price of CFAF 410 per kilogram and an export reference price of US$1,050 per tonne. 1112

Trade and oversight of goods movements

The authorities estimate smuggling losses at about US$50 million per campaign. 1112

The monetary union

Guinea-Bissau uses the CFA franc (XOF) and has been a member of the West African Economic and Monetary Union and the Central Bank of West African States since 1997. 20

The CFA franc is pegged to the euro at a fixed rate of CFAF 655.957 per euro. 20

Fishing licence fees are described as an important source of non-tax revenue for the state (general reference; the amount is not verified). 13

Data gap

For this edition we have not verified the latest catch figures or the value of fish exports. Analysis13

The Antula substation in Bissau, part of the OMVG regional interconnection, was inaugurated in April 2025; hydropower is imported from Kaléta (Guinea). 14

For this edition we have not verified the electricity access rate or tariffs. Analysis14

Source of the electricity

The hydropower imported through the regional link comes from Kaléta (Guinea), via the shared OMVG grid. Analysis14

Sectors and areas for cooperation

Established sectors

  • Cashew

    About 93% of exports1112

  • Marine fisheries

    An agreement with the European Union (2024–2029); fishing licence fees are described as an important non-tax revenue.13

  • Energy and electricity

    A regional link through the Gambia River Basin Development Organisation (OMVG) since 202514

  • Eco-tourism

    The coastal and marine ecosystems of the Bijagós Archipelago have been a World Heritage site since 202515

Areas worth studying6

Applies to everything in this group: Area worth studying, not a ready-made opportunity.

  • Local cashew shelling and processing

    Cashew is about 93% of exports.71112

  • Cold chain and seafood products

    The fisheries agreement with the European Union includes sectoral support.13

  • Responsible eco-tourism in the Bijagós

    The archipelago’s coastal and marine ecosystems were inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2025 (the country’s first site).15

  • Trade in consumer goods and halal food

    A large Muslim share (by estimates).1821

  • Infrastructure with joint development finance

    Tax revenue is the lowest in the monetary union, according to the World Bank.781617

  • Hajj, Umrah and travel services

    A Saudi Hajj quota for Guinea-Bissau pilgrims.19

Real GDP growth in 2025: 5.5% (preliminary) according to the IMF (Country Report No. 26/83, March 2026) against 5.8% according to the World Bank and the IMF in May 2026. The IMF series was used in the chart, and the World Bank figure is noted in the source line.

Projected real GDP growth in 2026: 5.0% according to the IMF against 4.8% according to the World Bank. Both figures are shown.

Cashew exports in 2025: 211,000 tonnes (actual) according to the IMF against a government forecast of 250,000 tonnes (October 2025). The IMF actual figure was used, with the government forecast noted.

Public debt in 2025: 75.3% of GDP according to the IMF against 75.6% according to the World Bank. The IMF figure was used, with the World Bank figure shown beside it.

Tax revenue in 2025: 8.0% of GDP according to the IMF against 8.5% according to the World Bank. The range 8–8.5% is shown.

With Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia and Guinea-Bissau

Topics in this section: Saudi–Guinea-Bissau relations · Existing channels · A reading16171819

This section documents announced facts from their official sources, with dates and status, without assessment.

Saudi–Guinea-Bissau relations

Diplomatic relations since 1983; Guinea-Bissau is a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Development Bank; trade is limited (Saudi imports from Guinea-Bissau are negligible); and the Saudi Fund for Development made an earlier loan for rural roads (its project list and amounts are not verified). Analysis16171819

Existing channels

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Development Bank Group (Guinea-Bissau is a member), the Saudi Fund for Development (an earlier loan for rural roads; project list and amounts not verified), and the Saudi Hajj quota. Analysis161719

A reading

A small, one-way trade: Saudi exports of about SAR 9.6 million in 2025, against negligible imports. Analysis18

The political channel

Diplomatic relations since 1983, and Guinea-Bissau’s membership of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Analysis161719

The economic channel

The Saudi Fund for Development (an earlier loan for rural roads; project list and amounts not verified), membership of the Islamic Development Bank Group, and a small trade in goods (Saudi exports of about SAR 9.6 million in 2025). Analysis16171819

Hajj

Up to 751 Guinea-Bissau pilgrims for Hajj 2025 under the Saudi quota; the Hajj 2026 figure was not retrieved. Analysis19

Language: Portuguese is official; Kriol is the lingua franca. 20

Currency: the CFA franc (XOF). 20

Political context: a transition and elections announced for December 2026; follow official guidance before any visit. Analysis56

Key due-diligence questions
  • What effect will the transition and the December 2026 elections have on decisions and contracts?
  • Who is the authorised signatory, and do their powers continue after the new government is formed?
  • How are profits transferred under the exchange regulations of the monetary union?
  • Who is the ultimate owner of the local partner, and are there any disputes or tax liabilities?
  • Which investment incentives are in force, and are they affected by the new constitution?
  • What are the project’s actual energy and transport costs?
  • What is the status of land and customary rights at the project site?
  • What dispute-settlement mechanisms exist (courts, arbitration under OHADA)?

Analysis56202324

A golden rule

Fast-changing information — the political scene and elections, the formation of the government, ECOWAS’s position, the IMF programme, cashew prices, security guidance, entry requirements and flight schedules — should be checked in the week of the visit itself and before any signing. Analysis569101112

Currency: the CFA franc (XOF). 20

Language: Portuguese is official; Kriol is the lingua franca. 20

Time in Bissau: UTC+0. 20

Section facts and information — 10 entries
With the Kingdom: diplomatic relations
Diplomatic relations since 1983Data year: 19831617
Multilateral memberships
Member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB)19
Hajj quota, 2025
Up to 751 pilgrims (2025, an allocated quota under the Saudi quota; not an attendance figure)Data year: 202519
Saudi exports 2025
SAR 9.6 million, mainly plastics and beveragesData year: 202518
Saudi imports 2025
NegligibleData year: 202518
Saudi exports 2025: plastics and articles thereof
SAR 6.6 millionData year: 202518
Saudi exports 2025: beverages
SAR 2.2 millionData year: 202518
Saudi exports 2025: vegetable and fruit preparations
SAR 0.44 millionData year: 202518
Saudi exports in July 2026
SAR 7.1 million, mostly plasticsData year: 202618
Saudi direct investment
No published data on Saudi direct investment18

Milestones

  1. 2026

    2026-07

    Saudi exports of SAR 7.1 million in July 2026 alone, mostly plastics. · Unspecified 18

  2. 2025

    A Saudi Hajj quota for Guinea-Bissau of up to 751 pilgrims in 2025 (an allocation; no figure for actual participation). · Unspecified 19

  3. 2025

    Saudi exports of SAR 9.6 million in 2025. · Unspecified 18

Earlier record (1)

  1. 1983

    1983

    Establishment of diplomatic relations between the Kingdom and Guinea-Bissau. · Unspecified 1617

Records without a date

  • Appreciation was expressed in 2022 for the Saudi Fund for Development’s “affordable development loans and grants”; the Fund also made an earlier loan for rural roads (published archive; project list and amounts not verified). · Unspecified 1617

  • Guinea-Bissau is a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Development Bank Group. · Unspecified 19

  • The Chief Executive Officer of the Saudi Fund for Development receives Guinea-Bissau’s ambassador and permanent representative to the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation to review the Fund’s projects (the project list and amounts are not verified). · Unspecified 1617

What we do not know yet

  • The current portfolio of the Saudi Fund for Development.
  • The Saudi embassy accredited to Guinea-Bissau.
  • Any official visits or agreements after November 2025.
  • The visa regime for the ordinary Saudi passport.

Media

Media and editorial perspectives

Topics in this section: Public media · Private and community media · Regulation22

Public media

National Radio (RDN), Guinea-Bissau Television (TGB) and the Guinea News Agency (ANG). 22

Private and community media

The newspaper O Democrata, Rádio Sol Mansi, Capital FM, and community radio stations. 22

Regulation

The National Council for Social Communication (CNCS). 22

Data gap

No independent media audience data were found. Analysis22

Sources

Sources and updates

Sources cited on this page, numbered as they appear next to each item.

Last reviewed: 2026-10-07

This dossier is not legal, financial, investment or security advice, and it contains no confirmed commitments, partnerships or sponsorships. Guinea-Bissau is heading towards presidential and legislative elections announced for 6 December 2026 (other reports say late December), and conditions are subject to change. Last fact-check: 5 October 2026.

This dossier is not a tourist guide, a promotional report or an invitation to submit offers. Political facts are presented as reported in their sources, without assessment.

No sector is described in full as an “investment opportunity”. The areas in the areas-to-study section are inferred from the data, are not ranked by priority, and are neither ready-made opportunities nor investment recommendations.

The ministers’ names come from secondary sources and are to be re-verified against the official gazette. Matters concerning the transition are presented as reported in their sources, without assessment.

The investment-environment table is an institutional summary that does not replace legal and tax advice, and the legal and regulatory requirements must be checked at the time of decision. The corporate income tax and sales tax rates come from general sources and need confirmation with the General Directorate of Contributions and Taxes (DGCI).

Election date: 6 December 2026 according to the official announcement, while some reports say late December 2026. 6 December was used, with the variance noted on the page.

Spelling of the head of the transition’s name: “Horta Inta-A Na Man” is the form used, and the press also uses the variant “Horta N’Tam”.

This dossier was prepared from the owner’s evidence register, each published item being matched to a register row. The sources listed in the register include the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the European Commission, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, DataSaudi (General Authority for Statistics), the Saudi Press Agency, and documented press. No project files specific to Guinea-Bissau were supplied for this edition. Last fact-check: 5 October 2026.

Source register (25)
  1. 1

    Al Jazeera (27 Nov 2025); PanAfricaScreen executive brief; Wikipedia (2026 general election)

    Transitional Head of State — 03 Leadership

    Official · Published 2025-11-27 · Accessed 2026-10-05

    Cited in: General context · A transition phase · The axes in brief: Institutional context · Institutional context · 2025 milestone: transition · President of the Transition · In office since · Presidency of the Transition

  2. 2

    Al Jazeera (27 Nov 2025); PanAfricaScreen executive brief; Wikipedia (2026 general election)

    Transitional Head of State — 03 Leadership

    Media · Published 2025-11-27 · Accessed 2026-10-05

    Cited in: General context · A transition phase · The axes in brief: Institutional context · Institutional context · 2025 milestone: transition · President of the Transition · In office since · Presidency of the Transition

  3. 3

    PanAfricaScreen

    Transitional government — 03 Leadership

    Media · Published 2025-12 · Accessed 2026-10-05

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Institutional context · Institutional context · Prime Minister · Office of the Prime Minister · Ministry of Finance · Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Cooperation and Communities · Ministry of Economy, Planning and Regional Integration · Ministry of Commerce and Industry · Ministry of Fisheries and Maritime Economy · Ministry of Tourism

  4. 4

    Ecofin (Dec 2025)

    Transitional government — 03 Leadership

    Official · Published 2025-12 · Accessed 2026-10-05

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Institutional context · Institutional context · Prime Minister · Office of the Prime Minister · Ministry of Finance · Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Cooperation and Communities · Ministry of Economy, Planning and Regional Integration · Ministry of Commerce and Industry · Ministry of Fisheries and Maritime Economy · Ministry of Tourism

  5. 5

    Al Jazeera (1 Sep 2026); Africanews (31 Aug & 2 Sep 2026); Anadolu (22 Jan 2026)

    Referendum & elections — 03 Leadership

    Official · Published 2026-09-01 · Accessed 2026-10-05

    Cited in: A transition phase · What to watch · Hajj · Key due-diligence questions · A golden rule · Institutional context · Regional framework · 2026 milestone: referendum · 2026 milestone: elections · Next vote

  6. 6

    Al Jazeera (1 Sep 2026); Africanews (31 Aug & 2 Sep 2026); Anadolu (22 Jan 2026)

    Referendum & elections — 03 Leadership

    Official · Published 2026-09-01 · Accessed 2026-10-05

    Cited in: A transition phase · What to watch · Hajj · Key due-diligence questions · A golden rule · Institutional context · Regional framework · 2026 milestone: referendum · 2026 milestone: elections · Next vote

  7. 7

    IMF Country Report No. 26/83 (Mar 2026)

    IMF macro table (CR 26/83) — 07 Economy

    International · Published 2026-03 · Accessed 2026-10-05

    Cited in: The axes in brief: People & Society · Cashew exports · A stable currency · The axes in brief: Economy & Investment · Executive brief · Growth · Tax revenue · GDP 2026 (forecast) · Nominal GDP 2026 (forecast, IMF) · Inflation, 2025 · Real GDP growth 2024 (actual, IMF) · Real GDP growth 2025 (preliminary, IMF) · Projected growth 2026 (IMF) · Current account / GDP 2025 (IMF) · Cashew exports 2025 (IMF) · Cashew export price 2025 (IMF) · Overall fiscal balance / GDP 2024 (actual, IMF) · Overall fiscal balance / GDP 2025 (IMF) · Overall fiscal balance / GDP 2026 (projection, IMF) · Public debt / GDP 2024 (actual, IMF) · Public debt / GDP 2025 (IMF) · Public debt / GDP 2026 (projection, IMF) · Tax revenue / GDP 2025 (IMF) · Tax revenue / GDP, IMF–World Bank range (the lowest in the monetary union, according to the World Bank) · Annual inflation 2024 (IMF) · Annual inflation 2026 (forecast, IMF) · Annual inflation 2025 (IMF) · Local cashew shelling and processing · Infrastructure with joint development finance

  8. 8

    World Bank — Guinea-Bissau 2026 Economic Update (24 Jun 2026)

    World Bank Economic Update (Jun 2026) — 07 Economy

    International · Published 2026-06-24 · Accessed 2026-10-05

    Cited in: A stable currency · General context · Religion · The axes in brief: Economy & Investment · Executive brief · Growth · Tax revenue · Inflation, 2025 · Projected extreme poverty by 2028 (World Bank) · 2025 growth (World Bank) · Projected growth 2026 (World Bank) · Tax revenue / GDP, IMF–World Bank range (the lowest in the monetary union, according to the World Bank) · Non-performing loans (World Bank, June 2026) · Infrastructure with joint development finance

  9. 9

    IMF press releases (16 Feb 2026

    IMF programme — 08 Public finance

    International · Published 2026-05-05 · Accessed 2026-10-05

    Cited in: Tax revenue · What to watch · A golden rule · Institutional context · Extended Credit Facility arrangement with the IMF · February 2026 · 5 May 2026 · The IMF’s reading

  10. 10

    5 May 2026)

    IMF programme — 08 Public finance

    Media · Published 2026-05-05 · Accessed 2026-10-05

    Cited in: Tax revenue · What to watch · A golden rule · Institutional context · Extended Credit Facility arrangement with the IMF · February 2026 · 5 May 2026 · The IMF’s reading

  11. 11

    Ecofin (10 Oct 2025); Lusa via AMAN Alliance (12 Mar 2026); IMF CR 26/83

    Cashew sector — 10 Cashew

    International · Published 2026-03-12 · Accessed 2026-10-05

    Cited in: The axes in brief: People & Society · Why Guinea-Bissau deserves to be understood · Cashew exports · General context · The axes in brief: Economy & Investment · Cashews and export structure · What to watch · A balanced reading · The economy at a glance · A single crop · A clear pattern · Trade and oversight of goods movements · A golden rule · Cashew share of exports · Cashew exports 2025 (IMF) · Government forecast for 2025 cashew exports · Producer reference price 2026 · Export reference price 2026 · Smuggling losses per campaign (official estimate) · Cashew · Local cashew shelling and processing

  12. 12

    Ecofin (10 Oct 2025); Lusa via AMAN Alliance (12 Mar 2026); IMF CR 26/83

    Cashew sector — 10 Cashew

    International · Published 2026-03-12 · Accessed 2026-10-05

    Cited in: The axes in brief: People & Society · Why Guinea-Bissau deserves to be understood · Cashew exports · General context · The axes in brief: Economy & Investment · Cashews and export structure · What to watch · A balanced reading · The economy at a glance · A single crop · A clear pattern · Trade and oversight of goods movements · A golden rule · Cashew share of exports · Cashew exports 2025 (IMF) · Government forecast for 2025 cashew exports · Producer reference price 2026 · Export reference price 2026 · Smuggling losses per campaign (official estimate) · Cashew · Local cashew shelling and processing

  13. 13

    European Commission (DG MARE)

    EU fisheries agreement — 12 Fisheries

    Media · Published 2024 · Accessed 2026-10-05

    Cited in: The axes in brief: People & Society · Why Guinea-Bissau deserves to be understood · Marine wealth · A clear pattern · The monetary union · Data gap · Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreement: duration · EU fisheries agreement: contribution · EU fisheries agreement: sectoral support · Marine fisheries · Cold chain and seafood products

  14. 14

    Le360 Afrique (25 Apr 2025)

    OMVG interconnection — 13 Energy

    Media · Published 2025-04-25 · Accessed 2026-10-05

    Cited in: What to watch · Data gap · Source of the electricity · OMVG interconnection project: countries · Regional interconnection network · Bissau: the Antula substation · Energy and electricity · Regional electricity interconnection

  15. 15

    IUCN (Jul 2025)

    UNESCO World Heritage — 15/23 Heritage

    Media · Published 2025-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-05

    Cited in: The axes in brief: People & Society · Why Guinea-Bissau deserves to be understood · A new World Heritage site · The Bijagós · The axes in brief: Culture & Identity · The Bijagós: the first World Heritage site · Biosphere reserve · What to watch · 2025 milestone: World Heritage · World Heritage · Bijagós World Heritage inscription · Green turtle nests · Migratory birds · Eco-tourism · Responsible eco-tourism in the Bijagós

  16. 16

    SPA; Wikipedia (Foreign relations of Guinea-Bissau); MEES archive

    Diplomatic & development ties — 18 Saudi relations

    Official · Published 2022-10-02 · Accessed 2026-10-05

    Cited in: Relations with Saudi Arabia · The axes in brief: Relations with Saudi Arabia · Saudi–Guinea-Bissau relations · Existing channels · The political channel · The economic channel · With the Kingdom: diplomatic relations · Establishment of diplomatic relations between the Kingdom and Guinea-Bissau. · Appreciation was expressed in 2022 for the Saudi Fund for Development’s “affordable development loans and grants”; the Fund also made an earlier loan for rural roads (published archive; project list and amounts not verified). · The Chief Executive Officer of the Saudi Fund for Development receives Guinea-Bissau’s ambassador and permanent representative to the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation to review the Fund’s projects (the project list and amounts are not verified). · Infrastructure with joint development finance

  17. 17

    SPA; Wikipedia (Foreign relations of Guinea-Bissau); MEES archive

    Diplomatic & development ties — 18 Saudi relations

    Official · Published 2022-10-02 · Accessed 2026-10-05

    Cited in: Relations with Saudi Arabia · The axes in brief: Relations with Saudi Arabia · Saudi–Guinea-Bissau relations · Existing channels · The political channel · The economic channel · With the Kingdom: diplomatic relations · Establishment of diplomatic relations between the Kingdom and Guinea-Bissau. · Appreciation was expressed in 2022 for the Saudi Fund for Development’s “affordable development loans and grants”; the Fund also made an earlier loan for rural roads (published archive; project list and amounts not verified). · The Chief Executive Officer of the Saudi Fund for Development receives Guinea-Bissau’s ambassador and permanent representative to the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation to review the Fund’s projects (the project list and amounts are not verified). · Infrastructure with joint development finance

  18. 18

    DataSaudi (GASTAT)

    Saudi–Guinea-Bissau trade — 18 Saudi relations

    Official · Published 2026 · Accessed 2026-10-05

    Cited in: Relations with Saudi Arabia · The axes in brief: Relations with Saudi Arabia · Saudi–Guinea-Bissau relations · A reading · The economic channel · Saudi exports 2025 · Saudi imports 2025 · Saudi exports 2025: plastics and articles thereof · Saudi exports 2025: beverages · Saudi exports 2025: vegetable and fruit preparations · Saudi exports in July 2026 · Saudi direct investment · Saudi exports of SAR 7.1 million in July 2026 alone, mostly plastics. · Saudi exports of SAR 9.6 million in 2025. · Trade in consumer goods and halal food

  19. 19

    Forbes África Lusófona; OIC

    Hajj & OIC — 18 Saudi relations

    International · Published 2025 · Accessed 2026-10-05

    Cited in: The axes in brief: People & Society · Why Guinea-Bissau deserves to be understood · Islamic ties · Religion · Relations with Saudi Arabia · The axes in brief: Relations with Saudi Arabia · Saudi–Guinea-Bissau relations · Existing channels · The political channel · The economic channel · Hajj · Multilateral memberships · Hajj quota, 2025 · A Saudi Hajj quota for Guinea-Bissau of up to 751 pilgrims in 2025 (an allocation; no figure for actual participation). · Guinea-Bissau is a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Development Bank Group. · High Commission for Pilgrimage · Hajj, Umrah and travel services

  20. 20

    General reference; World Bank Data (country profile); Africanews (population)

    Basic facts & frameworks — 01/05 Snapshot & Geography

    International · Accessed 2026-10-05

    Cited in: A stable currency · Regional memberships · A society of several groups · Diversity and identity · Methodological note · A balanced reading · The monetary union · Hajj · Key due-diligence questions · A golden rule · The axes in brief: Institutional context · Institutional context · Population — 2026 estimate · Capital · Area · Bijagós Archipelago · Currency · Languages · Independence · Regional framework · Time zone · Common language · Official language · Fixed peg rate · Joining the monetary union · Central bank · Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO)

  21. 21

    US Department of State, 2023 Report on International Religious Freedom (via ecoi.net); Africanews

    Religion & society — 06 People

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-05

    Cited in: Islamic ties · General context · A society of several groups · Religion · Methodological note · Main groups · Trade in consumer goods and halal food

  22. 22

    Reporters Without Borders (RSF) country page; general reference

    Media landscape — 21 Media

    Media · Published 2026 · Accessed 2026-10-05

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Media & Stories · Public media · Private and community media · Regulation · Data gap · National Radio (RDN) · Guinea-Bissau Television (TGB) · Guinea News Agency (ANG) · National Council for Social Communication (CNCS)

  23. 23

    Investment Code of Guinea-Bissau (Customs/MEF)

    Investment framework — 16 Investment

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-05

    Cited in: Key due-diligence questions · Institutional context · Business law · Corporate income tax · Sales tax · Regional framework · Investment Promotion Agency (API-GB) · General Directorate of Contributions and Taxes (DGCI; Direção-Geral de Contribuições e Impostos)

  24. 24

    OHADA

    Investment framework — 16 Investment

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-05

    Cited in: Key due-diligence questions · Institutional context · Business law · Corporate income tax · Sales tax · Regional framework · Investment Promotion Agency (API-GB) · General Directorate of Contributions and Taxes (DGCI; Direção-Geral de Contribuições e Impostos)

  25. 25

    World Bank

    World Development Indicators: Guinea-Bissau

    International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Population · GDP · GDP per capita · GDP growth · Urban population · Population under 15 · Life expectancy · Access to electricity · Internet users

Other countries in the region West