North-East & Horn

Ethiopia

إثيوبياÉthiopie

Mission: In scope · Country file in preparation
Country file: Published, with sources · Last reviewed 2026-10-08

From within

Ethiopia is a federal republic whose capital, Addis Ababa, hosts the headquarters of the African Union. Its Constitution recognises all the country's languages and makes Amharic the federal working language, and power is shared between the federal government and the member states.

Read on

Agriculture employs most workers, with coffee and gold leading exports, and it is going through an economic and monetary reform at the same time as a new government announced in October.

55 56 66 71 95 105 122 130 134

The country at a glance

The Simien Mountains in northern Ethiopia.Photo: A. Davey from Where I Live Now: Pacific Northwest / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 2.0 · Image resized and cropped

Neighbours: Djibouti · Eritrea · Kenya · Sudan · Somalia · South Sudan

Overview

The country at a glance

Population: 135.5 million peopleExact value: 135,472,051World Bank · 2025 · Estimate175

GDP: 126.36 US$ bnWorld Bank · 2025 · Estimate175

GDP per capita: 933 US$World Bank · 2025 · Estimate175

GDP growth: 9.8 %World Bank · 2025 · Estimate175

Urban population: 24.1 %World Bank · 2025 · Estimate175

Population under 15: 38.8 %World Bank · 2025 · Estimate175

Country card

Capital: Addis Ababa
Region: North-East & Horn
Location: Landlocked
Neighbours: Djibouti · Eritrea · Kenya · Sudan · Somalia · South Sudan
Area: Ethiopia's surface area is about 1,136,240 square kilometres in 2023, according to the World Bank's World Development Indicators.Data year: 202330
Languages in the Constitution: Article 5 of the Constitution provides that all Ethiopian languages enjoy equal state recognition, that Amharic is the working language of the Federal Government, and that member states may determine their own working languages by law.55
Federal structure: The published text of the Constitution lists in Article 47 nine member states of the Federal Democratic Republic: Tigray, Afar, Amhara, Oromia, Somalia, Benshangul/Gumuz, the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples, Gambela and Harari.56
Currency: Ethiopia's currency is the birr, and the website of the National Bank of Ethiopia presents the current birr banknotes the bank issues.Data year: 20262 170
Seat of the African Union: The African Union gives its headquarters as Roosvelt Street in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Data year: 202666
Capital: The capital of Ethiopia is Addis Ababa, according to the World Bank's country record.20
African Union membership: The African Union's member states page lists the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia with a date of joining the Organization of African Unity or the African Union of 25 May 1963.Data year: 19638

More essential facts — 1 entries

IGAD membership: The website of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) lists Ethiopia among its seven member states: Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan and Uganda.Data year: 202616

The axes in brief

People, society and cultureA young, fast-growing society that lives mostly in rural areas, whose figures come from modelled World Bank series, with the Constitution clearly present on language, religion and the capital.
Institutions and national direction
Economy and sectorsAn economy in the midst of a monetary and exchange-rate reform, with goods export earnings up threefold according to the National Bank and double-digit inflation back, and with coffee and gold leading its exports. The facts here are tied to their sources, government targets and plans are labelled as such, and the analysis is kept distinct from the facts.
Saudi Arabia and EthiopiaA relationship of trade, aviation and diplomacy moving through coffee, airline routes and contacts between the two foreign ministers, alongside earlier development financing and announced deals whose implementation was not verified.
Media and developmentA media landscape led by radio and made up of many outlets according to Reporters Without Borders, with a legal framework the organisation sees as more liberal on paper and says is circumvented in practice.

Geographic context and connectivity

Population in 2025

Ethiopia's population was 135,472,051 in 2025 according to a modelled United Nations series republished by the World Bank, and population growth was about 2.6% a year in the same year. Estimate21 22

Area

Ethiopia's surface area is about 1,136,240 square kilometres in 2023 according to the World Bank's World Development Indicators. 30

Population density

Population density was 114 people per square kilometre of land area in 2023 according to the World Bank estimate. Estimate29

Rural and urban life

In 2025, 75.9% of the population lives in rural areas and 24.1% in urban areas, while the urban population grew by about 4.6% a year in the same year, according to World Bank estimates. Estimate26 27 28

Addis Ababa in the Constitution

Article 49 of the Constitution makes Addis Ababa the capital city of the Federal State, gives its residents a full measure of self-government and makes the city administration responsible to the Federal Government. 57

Society

People, society and culture

A young, fast-growing society that lives mostly in rural areas, whose figures come from modelled World Bank series, with the Constitution clearly present on language, religion and the capital.21 24 26

People & Society

Age structure

The share of the population aged 0-14 is 38.8% in 2025, and that of people aged 65 and above is 3.3%, according to the World Bank estimate. Estimate24 25

Fertility

The total fertility rate was 3.9 births per woman in 2024 according to the World Bank estimate. Estimate23

Languages

Article 5 of the Constitution provides that all Ethiopian languages enjoy equal state recognition, that Amharic is the working language of the Federal Government, and that member states may determine their own working languages by law. No official page listing the languages spoken and their numbers of speakers was available in the sources consulted. 55

State and religion

Article 11 of the Constitution states that state and religion are separate and that there is no state religion. 63

Literacy

Literacy was 60.5% among adults (age 15 and above) in 2022 and 84.7% among young people (age 15-24) in the same year, according to the World Bank. 31 32

Primary school

The gross primary enrolment ratio was 84.4% in 2024, and children of primary-school age who were out of school made up 22.5% in the same year, according to the World Bank. 33 34

Spending on education

Government expenditure on education was 2.3% of GDP in 2024 according to the World Bank. 35

Women in parliament

Women held 41.9% of seats in the national parliament in 2025 according to the World Bank, a share that concerns the legislature in office that year and does not reflect the House elected on 1 June 2026. 36 70

Analytical reading: the young population and education

The figures above show a young, fast-growing society, with a high share of children in the population and fertility still above three births per woman. At the same time, part of the primary-school-age children are out of school, and literacy among adults trails literacy among young people. This means that the size of the young population presses on education and the labour market together, and that any partnership in training or skills starts from this gap. This is an analytical reading, not a fact. Analysis23 24 31 34

National censuses

The Ethiopian Statistics Service states that Ethiopia has conducted three national censuses: 1984, 1994 and 2007. 6

Culture & Identity

Internationally recognised heritage combining cultural and natural properties and living elements from the traditions of several communities, with an Ethiopian calendar that must be stated alongside each date.49 52

World and intangible heritage

World Heritage

The State Party page of UNESCO's World Heritage Centre states that Ethiopia has 12 properties inscribed on the World Heritage List. 47

Joining the World Heritage Convention

Ethiopia ratified the World Heritage Convention on 6 July 1977, according to the World Heritage Centre. 48

Inscribed properties and the years of inscription

UNESCO counts ten cultural properties: Aksum (1980), Fasil Ghebbi in the Gondar Region (1979), Harar Jugol (2006), the Konso Cultural Landscape (2011), the Lower Valley of the Awash (1980), the Lower Valley of the Omo (1980), Melka Kunture and Balchit (2024), the Rock-Hewn Churches of Lalibela (1978), the Gedeo Cultural Landscape (2023) and Tiya (1980), and two natural properties, Bale Mountains National Park (2023) and Simien National Park (1978). 49

Intangible heritage

UNESCO has inscribed seven Ethiopian elements on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity: the commemoration feast of the finding of the True Holy Cross of Christ (2013), the Fichee-Chambalaalla New Year festival of the Sidama people (2015), the Gada system of the Oromo (2016), the Ethiopian epiphany (2019), the Shuwalid festival (2023), the Xeer Ciise oral customary laws of Somali-Issa communities in Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somalia (2024) and Gifaataa, the New Year festival of the Wolaita people (2025). 52

The 2003 Convention

Ethiopia ratified the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage on 24 February 2006, according to the UNESCO website. 53

UNESCO's project to safeguard Lalibela's heritage

The UNESCO website lists an emergency-response project of US$150,000, from 18 October 2023 to 18 October 2027, to safeguard the intangible cultural heritage of Lalibela and the surrounding area, which it describes as endangered by conflict. 54

Calendar and everyday life

Ethiopian months in the Constitution

Article 58 of the Constitution provides that the annual session of the House of Peoples' Representatives begins on the Monday of the final week of the Ethiopian month of Meskerem and ends on the 30th day of the Ethiopian month of Sene. 64

The Ethiopian and Gregorian calendars

Local sources call the Ethiopian-calendar fiscal year 2018 the Gregorian 2025/26; the two calendars differ, and this page states which one is meant wherever a date appears. 171

Places

The Tentative List

Ethiopia's UNESCO Tentative List has 7 sites, among them the Cultural Heritage of Yeha (2020), the Lake Tana Island Monasteries and Adjacent Wetland (2021) and the village of Negash. These are intentions of the State Party, not inscriptions. 50

The village of Negash

UNESCO's Tentative List shows, with the year 2026, "Negash (Al-Nejashi) Village: Sanctuary of the First Hijra and Enduring Legacy of Interfaith Tolerance". 51

Addis Ababa and continental diplomacy

The African Union states that 32 heads of independent African states met in Addis Ababa in May 1963 and signed the Charter of the Organisation of African Unity, and it lists its headquarters in the Ethiopian capital. 65 66

Analytical note: the range of the listed heritage

UNESCO's lists combine archaeological and palaeontological sites such as Melka Kunture and Balchit, royal and church sites such as Aksum, Gondar and Lalibela, a walled city, Harar, living cultural landscapes at Konso and Gedeo, and living elements such as the New Year festivals of the Sidama and Wolaita, the Gada system of the Oromo and the customary laws of the Somali-Issa. This describes the range of the lists, not a ranking of sites or communities, and does not mean every site is open to visitors. This is an analytical reading. Analysis49 52

Life expectancy: 67.6 yearsWorld Bank · 2024 · Estimate175

Section facts and information — 7 entries

Population: Ethiopia's population was 135,472,051 in 2025, according to a modelled United Nations series republished by the World Bank.Data year: 2025Estimate21
Population growth: Population growth was about 2.6% a year in 2025 according to the World Bank estimate.Data year: 2025Estimate22
Population aged 0-14: The share of the population aged 0-14 is 38.8% in 2025 according to the World Bank estimate.Data year: 2025Estimate24
Rural and urban population: 75.9% of the population lives in rural areas and 24.1% in urban areas in 2025 according to the World Bank estimate.Data year: 2025Estimate26 27
Adult literacy: The adult literacy rate (age 15 and above) was 60.5% in 2022 according to the World Bank.Data year: 202231
Women in parliament: Women held 41.9% of seats in the national parliament in 2025 according to the World Bank, a share that concerns the legislature in office that year.Data year: 202536
National censuses: The Ethiopian Statistics Service states that Ethiopia has conducted three national censuses: 1984, 1994 and 2007.Data year: 20076

Institutions

Institutions and national direction

Leadership

Section facts and information — 14 entries

The two federal houses: Articles 53 and 54 of the Constitution provide for two federal houses, the House of Peoples' Representatives and the House of the Federation; members of the House of Peoples' Representatives serve a five-year term, their number may not exceed 550 and at least 20 seats go to minority Nationalities and Peoples.58 59
The President in the Constitution: Article 70 of the Constitution sets the President's term at six years, bars anyone from being elected President for more than two terms, and has a joint session of the two Houses elect the President by a two-thirds majority.61
The National Election Board: The National Election Board of Ethiopia describes itself as an institution established in accordance with the Constitution under Establishment Proclamation No. 1133/2019.Data year: 201969
The Capital Market Authority: The Ethiopian Capital Market Authority states that the House of Peoples' Representatives adopted in June 2021 the Capital Markets Proclamation No. 1248/2021, which included the establishment of the Authority.Data year: 2021142
Origins of the statistics service: The history page of the Ethiopian Statistics Service states that a department entrusted with producing official statistical data was established under the instruction of the Minister of Trade and Industry on 25 June 1960.Data year: 196018
Role of the Statistics Service: The Ethiopian Statistics Service describes itself as playing a central role in collecting and compiling data from sample surveys, censuses and administrative records, and in analysing them and delivering reports on them for a wide range of sectors and users.Data year: 202619
Establishment of the National Bank of Ethiopia: The National Bank of Ethiopia was established in 1963 by Proclamation 206 of 1963 and began operation in January 1964, according to the bank's history page.Data year: 19631
Mandate of the National Bank of Ethiopia: The bank's mandate page states that it is entrusted with administering the nation's monetary policy, providing its banknotes and coins, acting as banker for the government, supervising financial institutions, managing the exchange rate and foreign exchange reserves, and undertaking economic research.Data year: 20262
Governor of the National Bank of Ethiopia: The bank's governance page describes Dr. Eyob Tekalign Tolina as the eleventh Governor of the National Bank of Ethiopia.Data year: 20263
Minister of Finance: The Ministry of Finance's website describes Mr. Ahmed Shide as the Minister of Finance of Ethiopia since October 2018.Data year: 20264
Mission of the Ministry of Finance: The Ministry of Finance states its mission as promoting economic growth through macroeconomic stability, fiscal policy, public finance management, external resource mobilization and private-public partnership.Data year: 20265
Minister of Planning and Development: The senior officials page of the Ministry of Planning and Development lists H.E. Dr. Fitsum Assefa as Minister of Planning and Development.Data year: 20267
Speaker of the House of Peoples' Representatives: The home page of Ethiopia's House of Peoples' Representatives carries a message attributed to the Speaker of the House, and names him as Mr. Tagesse Chaffo.Data year: 202614
Prime Minister according to the parliament's website: The home page of Ethiopia's House of Peoples' Representatives attributes a statement to Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed (PhD) in a news item dated 30 Sene 2018 in the Ethiopian calendar.Data year: 202615

A federal republic governed by a Constitution that shares power between two federal houses and member states, in which a new government was announced in October according to state-affiliated media.56 58 71

Member states in the Constitution

The published text of the Constitution lists in Article 47 nine member states of the Federal Democratic Republic: Tigray, Afar, Amhara, Oromia, Somalia, Benshangul/Gumuz, the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples, Gambela and Harari. This is the Constitution text as published; no recent official page showing the current administrative division is available in the sources consulted, so the present number of states is not asserted here. 56

The two federal houses

Articles 53 and 54 of the Constitution provide for two federal houses, the House of Peoples' Representatives and the House of the Federation; members of the House of Peoples' Representatives serve a five-year term, their number may not exceed 550 and at least 20 seats go to minority Nationalities and Peoples. 58 59

Forming the executive, and the President

Article 56 of the Constitution provides that the party or coalition holding the greatest number of seats in the House of Peoples' Representatives forms and leads the Executive. Article 70 sets the President's term at six years and bars anyone from being elected President for more than two terms. 60 61

The House of the Federation

Article 62 of the Constitution gives the House of the Federation the power to interpret the Constitution and to decide on issues relating to the rights of Nations, Nationalities and Peoples to self-determination. 62

The National Election Board

The National Election Board describes itself as an institution established in accordance with the Constitution under Establishment Proclamation No. 1133/2019. 69

Preparations for the seventh General Election

The National Election Board states that on 28 March 2026 it held the free-airtime lottery for political parties in the seventh General Election. 68

The general election and government formation, as reported by state-affiliated media

Fana Media Corporation, a state-affiliated outlet, reported on 8 October 2026 that the new government is taking office after the general election of 1 June 2026 and Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed's re-election and swearing-in for a new five-year term, and that the seventh parliamentary term opened on 5 October and Parliament approved the ministerial nominees. No official results page from the National Election Board is available in the sources consulted, so this page neither presents nor assesses the results. 70 72

The new cabinet, as reported by state-affiliated media

According to Fana Media Corporation on 8 October 2026, the new cabinet has 23 members, namely 22 ministers approved by the House of Peoples' Representatives and Deputy Prime Minister Temesgen Tiruneh, and nine of the ministers are women. Gedion Timothewos was reappointed Minister of Foreign Affairs for a second term. Names are linked to portfolios here only where the report says so explicitly. 71 73 74 75

The Capital Market Authority

The Ethiopian Capital Market Authority states that the House of Peoples' Representatives adopted in June 2021 the Capital Markets Proclamation No. 1248/2021, which included the establishment of the Authority, and that it is an autonomous federal regulatory authority accountable to the Prime Minister. 142

Caution on the names of office-holders

The names of office-holders given in the institutions section (the Governor of the National Bank, the Minister of Finance and the Minister of Planning and Development) are as shown on their institutions' own websites on 7 October 2026, without a dated appointment page, and Fana Media Corporation reported the formation of a new government on 8 October 2026. These names should therefore not be read as the current post-holders unless a dated official page confirms them, and they may have been superseded. 3 4 7 71

National Bank of Ethiopia

The National Bank of Ethiopia was established in 1963 by Proclamation 206 of 1963 and began operation in January 1964. According to its official page, its functions include administering monetary policy, issuing banknotes and coins, and supervising financial institutions. 1 2

Officials as presented on their institutions' websites

The governance page of the National Bank of Ethiopia describes Dr. Eyob Tekalign Tolina as the bank's eleventh Governor, and the Ministry of Finance's website describes Mr. Ahmed Shide as the Minister of Finance since October 2018. 3 4

Official statistics

The history page of the Ethiopian Statistics Service states that a department entrusted with producing official statistical data was established under the instruction of the Minister of Trade and Industry on 25 June 1960. 18

Regional affiliation

The African Union's page lists Ethiopia with a date of joining of 25 May 1963, and the IGAD website lists it among its member states. 8 16

Institutions

Official bodies with their roles and official websites. Listing a body here does not make it a partner of the initiative.

Government and institutions 3

Ministry of Finance
States its mission as promoting economic growth through macroeconomic stability, fiscal policy and public finance management
Official website — Ministry of Finance5
Ministry of Planning and Development
A ministry; its senior officials page lists the Minister of Planning and Development
Official website — Ministry of Planning and Development7
House of Peoples' Representatives
The parliament; its home page carries the Speaker's message and a headline on the federal budget
Official website — House of Peoples' Representatives14

Investment and finance 2

Ethiopian Investment Commission
Presents the priority, other and emerging sectors and operates an electronic service platform for investors
Official website — Ethiopian Investment Commission118 119
National Bank of Ethiopia
The central bank; it administers monetary policy, issues banknotes and coins, and supervises financial institutions
Official website — National Bank of Ethiopia1 2

Sectors and regulation 2

Ethiopian Electric Power
The state power utility for generation and transmission; its home page shows generating capacity and transmission network length
Official website — Ethiopian Electric Power116 147
Ethio telecom
The state telecom operator and operator of the telebirr mobile money platform; the first company listed on the Ethiopian Securities Exchange according to reports
Official website — Ethio telecom135 141

Media and statistics 1

Ethiopian Statistics Service
Collects and compiles data from surveys, censuses and administrative records, analyses them and delivers reports on them
Official website — Ethiopian Statistics Service19

Other bodies 5

National Election Board of Ethiopia
An institution established in accordance with the Constitution under Proclamation No. 1133/2019; it publishes election news and information
Official website — National Election Board of Ethiopia69
Ethiopian Capital Market Authority
An autonomous federal regulatory authority established under Capital Markets Proclamation No. 1248/2021 and accountable to the Prime Minister
Official website — Ethiopian Capital Market Authority142
Ethiopian Securities Exchange
An exchange on whose Main Market companies and banks are listed and which publishes its listing announcements
Official website — Ethiopian Securities Exchange151 154

+2 more

African Union
A continental organisation of 55 member states, headquartered in Addis Ababa
Official website — African Union66 67
Ethiopian Airlines Group
The national carrier; its press releases cover airports, aircraft and destinations
Official website — Ethiopian Airlines Group120

Economy

Economy and sectors

An economy in the midst of a monetary and exchange-rate reform, with goods export earnings up threefold according to the National Bank and double-digit inflation back, and with coffee and gold leading its exports. The facts here are tied to their sources, government targets and plans are labelled as such, and the analysis is kept distinct from the facts.80 85 134

Go deeper

Macroeconomy and monetary policy

Growth in 2024/25

The statement of the Monetary Policy Committee of the National Bank of Ethiopia (13 July 2026) says real GDP grew by 9.2% in fiscal year 2024/25, with industry contributing 3.7 percentage points, services 3.1 and agriculture 2.3. 76

Projected growth in 2025/26

In the same statement the National Bank of Ethiopia projects real GDP growth of 10.2% in fiscal year 2025/26. This is a projection, not a recorded figure. Forecast77

Average growth over eight years

The statement says the economy has sustained growth momentum over the past eight years, with real GDP growth averaging 7.5%. 78

Gold's contribution to growth

The Monetary Policy Committee statement dated 31 March 2026 said gold's contribution to growth surged to 1.0% in fiscal year 2024/25 from 0.1% in 2023/24. 79

The July 2024 reform

The World Bank describes a comprehensive macroeconomic reform the government embarked on in July 2024, including a shift to market-determined exchange rates, the removal of selected current account restrictions and a new interest-rate based monetary policy framework. 95

The official-parallel exchange-rate gap

The World Bank says the spread between the official and parallel exchange rates has narrowed from over 100% but has persisted at around 15% with occasional spikes, a figure whose month the World Bank page does not give. 96

NBE decisions of 13 July 2026: credit and policy rate

On 13 July 2026 the Board of the National Bank of Ethiopia approved the full removal of the credit cap, describing the cap as a temporary transition instrument and its removal as not a change in the monetary policy stance, and raised the policy rate by 1.0 percentage point while keeping the +/- 3 percentage point band unchanged. The level of the policy rate is not published here because the figure shown on the bank's page is undated. 86 87

NBE decisions: foreign exchange

On 13 July 2026 the National Bank of Ethiopia approved cutting its foreign exchange commission rate from 2.5% to 1.5% and cutting the foreign exchange surrender requirement on goods exports from 50% to 30%. 88 89

Inflation in April and May 2026

According to the Monetary Policy Committee, headline inflation was 13.4% in May 2026, against 11.7% in April and 9.7% in December 2025, with food inflation at 15.0% and non-food at 11.1%. 80

The inflation outlook

The statement projects that inflation will moderate by December 2026 but will likely remain in double digits over the six-month forecast horizon. Forecast81

Treasury bills and the interbank market

The monthly weighted average yield on all treasury bills was 12.3% in May 2026, against 15.5% a year earlier, and interbank market volume exceeded Birr 3.0 trillion as of May 2026, according to the Monetary Policy Committee statement. 82 91

The budget deficit

The overall budget deficit fell to 0.9% of GDP in the first ten months of fiscal year 2025/26, against 2.1% in 2023/24 before the reform, according to the National Bank of Ethiopia. 83

The current account

The National Bank of Ethiopia says the current account deficit narrowed from USD 6.2 billion in 2023/24 to USD 1.8 billion in 2025/26, and that the external improvement was linked to a threefold increase in goods export earnings and to better transfers. 84 85

Foreign exchange reserves

The Monetary Policy Committee statement says the bank's foreign exchange reserves reached 20 times their pre-reform level, without giving the absolute figure. 174

The banking sector

The loan-to-deposit ratio of private banks fell to 72.7%, against 90.3% in 2022/23, according to the Monetary Policy Committee statement. 90

Eurobond restructuring: updates

The Ministry of Finance published an update on 28 May 2026 on the restructuring of the 6.625% Notes due 2024, then announced on 20 August 2026 a favourable Comparability of Treatment assessment by the Official Creditor Committee on the agreed terms, following the agreement in principle of 29 June 2026. This announces stages; it is not the completion of the restructuring. Announced93 94

Exports as a share of GDP

Exports of goods and services were 13.3% of GDP in 2025 according to the World Bank estimate. Estimate108

Gross national income per head

Gross national income per capita on the Atlas method was 1,110 dollars in 2025 according to the World Bank estimate. Estimate109

Debt and the IMF agreement

On 29 June 2026 the Ministry of Finance announced an agreement in principle with an Ad Hoc Committee of bondholders on the principal financial terms of the restructuring of the notes due 2024, worth US$1 billion at 6.625%. Announced12

Fifth review

A news item on the Ministry's website dated 3 June 2026 reports that staff-level agreement was reached to conclude the fifth review of a four-year arrangement worth US$3.4 billion; once approved, Ethiopia will gain access to about US$468 million. 11

Federal budget

The House of Peoples' Representatives approved the federal government's budget for the year 2019 in the Ethiopian calendar at 2.3 trillion birr, according to a headline on the House's home page. Announced13

Core sectors

Structure of output

Agriculture made up 32.8% of GDP in 2025, industry including construction 27.8% and services 36.6%, according to the World Bank estimate. Estimate102 103 104

The labour force and agricultural employment

The labour force was estimated at about 56.8 million people in 2025, and agriculture accounted for 60.1% of employment according to the International Labour Organization estimate republished by the World Bank. Another World Bank page cites a higher agricultural employment share, which is not published because the two figures conflict. Estimate105 106

Coffee in 2025/26

On 4 July 2026 Xinhua quoted the director general of the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea Authority as saying Ethiopia earned a record 3 billion dollars from coffee exports in fiscal year 2025/26 and that a tonne sold for 7,500 dollars on the world market against 6,000 dollars the previous year. 122 123

Coffee production

According to the Authority statement relayed by Xinhua, annual coffee production rose from 500,000 tonnes five years ago to 1.5 million tonnes this year. This is the Authority's own figure and was not compared with independent estimates. 125

The coffee ambition

The director general said the country envisages generating up to 6 billion dollars a year from coffee over the next five years. This is an ambition stated at a press briefing, not an approved plan or an achieved result. Target126

Gold and mining

The Ministry of Mines announced, according to Xinhua, record mineral export revenue of more than 5.7 billion dollars in fiscal year 2025/26, of which 5.65 billion dollars came from gold with a combined output of 44 tonnes from commercial and artisanal producers, and said the government has designated mining one of the five pillars of the economy. 130 131

The mining aim for the next year

The ministry said the government aims for 6.7 billion dollars in mining export revenue in fiscal year 2026/27. This is a stated aim, not an achievement. Target132

Horticulture and flowers

According to the Ministry of Agriculture as relayed by Xinhua on 25 July 2026, Ethiopia earned 490 million dollars from horticultural exports in fiscal year 2025/26, of which 412 million came from flowers, 57 million from vegetables and about 21 million from fruit. 127 128

The horticulture plan for the next year

The Ministry of Agriculture plans to export 357,450 tonnes of horticultural products in fiscal year 2026/27 with the aim of earning 575 million dollars. This is a stated plan, not an achievement. Target129

Industry and services

The National Bank of Ethiopia cites strong performance in cement production, electricity generation and iron and steel output, and marked upward swings in tourist inflows and passenger and freight air transport, against declines in coffee and oilseed export volumes. 92

Export concentration

The newspaper Capital reported that gold and coffee together generated 8.6 billion dollars, or 78.2% of total export earnings in fiscal year 2025/26, up from a combined share of 73.5% a year earlier. 134

The export target for the next year

The Amhara Media Corporation reported that Ethiopia set a target of 13.4 billion dollars in export revenue for fiscal year 2026/27. The 2025/26 export total is not published here because the announced figures for it differ between sources. Target133

Energy, transport and telecommunications

Current generating capacity

The home page of Ethiopian Electric Power, as shown on 8 October 2026, gives current generating capacity of 9213 MW hydro, 504 MW wind and 7.3 MW geothermal. The page gives no reference date for these counters. 147

The transmission network

The same page shows a transmission line length of 20,673 km, 16 ongoing projects and 194 substations in total. 116

The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam

The engineering consultancy Tractebel states that the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam was inaugurated on 9 September 2025 in a ceremony officiated by the Prime Minister, and that its power station has 13 turbines and an estimated capacity of 5,150 megawatts. This is an engineering company's account, not a government page, and this paragraph does not address the positions of other states on the dam. 117 148

Access to electricity

Access to electricity covered 56.6% of the population in 2024 according to the World Bank estimate. Estimate44

Electricity consumption per head

Electric power consumption was 112.6 kWh per capita in 2023 according to the World Bank estimate. Estimate110

Share of renewable energy

Renewable energy made up 90.6% of total final energy consumption in 2021 according to the World Bank estimate. Estimate111

Bishoftu International Airport

Ethiopian Airlines announced that construction of Bishoftu International Airport began on 10 January 2026 after a groundbreaking ceremony attended by the Prime Minister. 120

The Dreamliner order

Ethiopian Airlines announced on 20 January 2026 the confirmed purchase of nine Boeing 787-9 aircraft, with deliveries planned between 2031 and 2033. Delivery dates are plans, not deliveries. Announced121

Ethio telecom: revenue and customers

TechAfrica News, relaying the Ethio telecom annual report, reported that revenue was 215.82 billion birr in fiscal year 2025/26, up 33.2% year on year, and that customers reached 90.12 million including 72.09 million active mobile subscribers. 135 136

Data and mobile money

According to the same reports, data and internet made up 31.1% of the company's revenue, overtaking voice, and the telebirr platform reached 60.6 million customers and processed 2.61 billion transactions worth 4.19 trillion birr during fiscal year 2025/26. 137 138

4G and 5G coverage

The reports say the company extended 4G coverage to 1,200 towns, reaching 82.23% of the population, and expanded 5G services to 33 cities with 340 operational sites in fiscal year 2025/26. 139

Investment and capital markets

Sectors listed by the Investment Commission

The home page of the Ethiopian Investment Commission presents priority sectors (agriculture, manufacturing, mining, ICT and tourism), other sectors (energy, health, transport and logistics) and emerging sectors (telecom, financial services and privatization). The page appears dated in layout, so it is read as a list of sectors, not a current statement of priorities. 118

The electronic service platform

The commission's home page states that its E-Service Platform is live at investinethiopia.gov.et, with no date for the notice. 119

Foreign direct investment inflows

Net inflows of foreign direct investment were 4.02 billion dollars in 2024 according to the balance of payments data presented by the World Bank. 107

The World Bank Group portfolio

According to the World Bank, its portfolio in Ethiopia on 23 March 2026 consisted of 43 operations (34 national and 9 regional) with commitments of 15.82 billion dollars, the IFC portfolio was 371 million dollars on 28 February 2026, and the exposure of the guarantee platform at MIGA was 1.03 billion dollars on the same date. 97 98 115

Listings on the securities exchange

The Ethiopian Securities Exchange states that Sidama Bank joined its Main Market on 28 September 2026, and lists an item dated 28 July 2026 on the listing of the Bank of Abyssinia on the Main Market. 151 154

The first listing: Ethio telecom

Reports on Ethio telecom's results say it was the first company listed on the Ethiopian Securities Exchange and that secondary market trading began on 26 May 2026. 141

Areas worth studying

Analytical reading: reform, external balances and prices

The facts above show that the exchange-rate and monetary reform came with strong growth, a narrower external deficit and a smaller fiscal deficit, but inflation returned to double digits, while the National Bank removed the credit cap and raised the policy rate, which it described as a counter-tightening measure. This means that the real cost of financing and the exchange rate will remain decisive in any project or partnership, and that the coming months' indicators matter more than last year's figures. This is an analytical reading, not a fact. Analysis76 80 81 83 84 87 95

Analytical note: concentrated sources of foreign exchange

The published figures indicate that gold and coffee are the two largest export lines and that their combined share rose from the previous year. Any partnership that relies on foreign-exchange earnings is therefore exposed to the world price of two commodities and the output of two sectors with no third of their size. Anyone studying the market would do well to follow diversification towards horticulture and manufacturing as an indicator, not a guarantee. This is an analytical reading. Analysis122 130 134

Analytical reading: electricity generation and access

The state utility's page shows large generating capacity, mostly hydro, while access to electricity and consumption per head remained low. This may mean that the constraint lies in the grid and in connections as much as in generation, but the available figures do not prove it. This is an analytical reading that needs grid and tariff data. Analysis44 110 147

Analytical reading: digitalisation and financial infrastructure

The reports say mobile money customers reached a large number and data overtook voice in revenue, while the securities exchange has only just begun listing companies. This suggests that digital payments may be the fastest entry point to financial services, but media reports on the company's report are no substitute for its original text. This is an analytical reading. Analysis135 137 138 154

Area to study: the coffee value chain

The fact that coffee earned 3 billion dollars in 2025/26 and that Saudi Arabia is among the top three export destinations supports a closer look. To be examined: export volumes by destination, licensing and export rules, and who holds the processing links. No market share is guaranteed, and the stated ambition of a larger amount within five years is not an achieved result. Area worth studying, not a ready-made opportunity122 124 126

Area to study: gold and mining value-chain services

The fact that gold revenue reached 5.65 billion dollars in 2025/26 and that the ministry announced a higher aim for the next year supports a closer look. To be examined: the current licensing and royalty framework, the role of artisanal producers, and the rules for selling gold through official channels. The announced aim is not a guarantee, and revenue depends on the world gold price. Area worth studying, not a ready-made opportunity130 131 132

Area to study: flowers and horticulture for export

The fact that flowers contributed 412 million dollars of 490 million in 2025/26 and that the ministry set a larger plan for the next year supports a closer look. To be examined: air-freight capacity and cost, land and water rights, and the terms of destination markets. The announced plan does not mean an achievement. Area worth studying, not a ready-made opportunity127 128 129

Area to study: digital services and mobile money

The fact that telebirr customers reached 60.6 million and that data and internet made up 31.1% of the operator's revenue in 2025/26 supports a closer look. To be examined: the original text of the annual report, the licensing and interoperability rules, and the limits on private-sector entry. No market share is guaranteed. Area worth studying, not a ready-made opportunity137 138 139

Area to study: electricity and renewables

The fact that the state utility page shows 504 MW of wind and 7.3 MW of geothermal alongside hydro, and that access to electricity covered 56.6% of the population, supports a closer look. To be examined: power purchase agreements, the approved tariff and the plan to extend the grid to unconnected households. This is not a guaranteed opportunity but an area to verify. Area worth studying, not a ready-made opportunity44 147 148

Area to study: aviation and logistics

The start of construction of Bishoftu International Airport, Ethiopian Airlines' announcement of five points in the Kingdom and an announced order of nine 787-9 aircraft support a closer look. To be examined: airport financing and schedule, concession rules and the opening of ground services. Delivery dates are plans, not facts. Area worth studying, not a ready-made opportunity120 121 149

Area to study: capital markets and listings

The fact that banks and a telecom company were recently listed on the Ethiopian Securities Exchange and that the regulator was created under a proclamation adopted in June 2021 supports a closer look. To be examined: rules on foreign participation, trading depth and listing conditions. A young market whose depth is not documented in the sources consulted; no return is guaranteed. Area worth studying, not a ready-made opportunity141 142 151 154

In practice: before the meeting

How to read the dates

This page reads fiscal years in the Gregorian calendar: fiscal year 2025/26 corresponds to 2018 in the Ethiopian calendar according to a local outlet, and Xinhua reported that it concluded on 7 July. Where a date is given in the Ethiopian calendar this is stated explicitly. To confirm any official date, return to its original page. 171 172

Before any economic meeting

Fana Media Corporation reported on 8 October 2026 that the new government had been formed, so before any meeting it is advisable to confirm from a dated official page the relevant ministry or body and its current portfolio, then review the list of sectors and the electronic service platform at the Investment Commission, and follow the National Bank's latest decisions on credit and foreign exchange. This is an analytical checklist, not investment advice. Analysis71 87 118 119

Foreign exchange in practice

On 13 July 2026 the National Bank decided to change the foreign exchange commission and the export proceeds surrender requirement, and a gap between the official and parallel rates persisted according to the World Bank. Anyone dealing in imports or exports would do well to ask their bank for the terms in force on the day of the deal: the commission, the proceeds surrender requirement and the availability of currency. This is an analytical note. Analysis88 89 96

Indicators

Access to electricity: 56.6 % of populationWorld Bank · 2024 · Estimate175

Internet users: 21.9 % of populationWorld Bank · 2024 · Estimate175

Section facts and information — 8 entries

GDP growth in 2024/25: The statement of the Monetary Policy Committee of the National Bank of Ethiopia (13 July 2026) says real GDP grew by 9.2% in fiscal year 2024/25.Data year: 2024/2576
Inflation in May 2026: According to the Monetary Policy Committee, headline inflation was 13.4% in May 2026, against 11.7% in April and 9.7% in December 2025.Data year: 202680
Coffee in 2025/26: Xinhua quotes the head of the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea Authority as saying Ethiopia earned 3 billion US dollars from coffee exports in fiscal year 2025/26.Data year: 2025/26122
Gold in 2025/26: According to the Ministry of Mines as relayed by Xinhua, gold export revenue was 5.65 billion US dollars in fiscal year 2025/26.Data year: 2025/26130
Fifth review with the IMF: A news item on the Ministry of Finance's website dated 3 June 2026 reports that IMF staff and the Ethiopian authorities reached staff-level agreement to conclude the fifth review of the four-year US$3.4 billion Extended Credit Facility (ECF) arrangement; once approved, Ethiopia will gain access to about US$468 million.Data year: 202611
Restructuring of the international bonds: On 29 June 2026 the Ministry of Finance announced an agreement in principle with an Ad Hoc Committee of bondholders on the principal financial terms of the restructuring of its US$1 billion 6.625% notes due 2024.Data year: 2026Announced12
Federal budget for 2019 in the Ethiopian calendar: The House of Peoples' Representatives approved the federal government's budget for the year 2019 in the Ethiopian calendar at 2.3 trillion birr, according to a headline on the House's home page dated 30 Sene 2018 in the Ethiopian calendar.Data year: 2019Announced13
Homegrown Economic Reform Agenda: The Ministry of Finance describes the Homegrown Economic Reform Agenda as a well-coordinated response and blueprint to propel the country's economic progress, outlining macroeconomic, structural and sectoral reforms.Data year: 2026Announced17

Sectors and areas for cooperation

Established sectors

Coffee
Ethiopia earned 3 billion dollars from coffee exports in 2025/26 at 7,500 dollars a tonne against 6,000 the previous year, according to the Coffee and Tea Authority as relayed by Xinhua.122 123
Gold and mining
Gold export revenue was 5.65 billion dollars in 2025/26 with a combined output of 44 tonnes from commercial and artisanal producers, according to the Ministry of Mines as relayed by Xinhua.130
Horticulture and flowers
Horticultural exports were 490 million dollars in 2025/26, of which 412 million were flowers, according to the Ministry of Agriculture as relayed by Xinhua.127 128
Telecoms and digital finance
Ethio telecom revenue was 215.82 billion birr in 2025/26 with 90.12 million customers, and the telebirr mobile money platform reached 60.6 million customers, according to reports on the company's annual report.135 136 138
Electricity
The Ethiopian Electric Power page shows current generating capacity of 9213 MW hydro, 504 MW wind and 7.3 MW geothermal, and a 20,673 km transmission network.116 147
Aviation
Construction of Bishoftu International Airport began on 10 January 2026 after a groundbreaking ceremony, according to an Ethiopian Airlines press release.120
Capital markets
The Ethiopian Securities Exchange announced that Sidama Bank joined its Main Market on 28 September 2026, and it lists the Bank of Abyssinia as listed on 28 July 2026.151 154

Areas worth studying7

Applies to everything in this group: Area worth studying, not a ready-made opportunity.

Coffee value chain and export
Coffee revenue reached 3 billion dollars in 2025/26, and Saudi Arabia was among the top three export destinations.122 124
Gold and mining value-chain services
Gold revenue reached 5.65 billion dollars in 2025/26, the ministry announced a higher aim for the following year, and it described mining as one of five economic pillars.130 131
Flowers and horticulture for export
Flowers led horticultural revenue with 412 million dollars out of 490 million in 2025/26.127 128
Digital services and mobile money
Telebirr customers reached 60.6 million and data and internet made up 31.1% of Ethio telecom revenue in 2025/26.137 138
Electricity and renewables
The Ethiopian Electric Power page shows 9213 MW hydro, 504 MW wind and 7.3 MW geothermal, while access to electricity stood at 56.6% of the population.44 147
Aviation and logistics
Construction of Bishoftu International Airport has begun, Ethiopian Airlines links the Kingdom through five points, and company announcements point to an order of nine Boeing 787-9 aircraft.120 121 149
Capital markets and listings
Banks and companies are listing on the Main Market of the Ethiopian Securities Exchange, and the regulator was created under a proclamation adopted in June 2021.142 154

With Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia and Ethiopia

A relationship of trade, aviation and diplomacy moving through coffee, airline routes and contacts between the two foreign ministers, alongside earlier development financing and announced deals whose implementation was not verified.124 155 159 161

This section documents announced facts from their official sources, with dates and status, without assessment.

Coffee: Saudi Arabia among the top destinations

Xinhua quotes the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea Authority as saying Saudi Arabia, Germany and China were the top three destinations for Ethiopian coffee exports in fiscal year 2025/26. This is a media account of an official statement and does not include export volumes or each destination's share. 124

Ethiopian Airlines and the Kingdom

Ethiopian Airlines announced on 9 December 2025 a new service to Jizan from 1 February 2026, bringing its network in the Kingdom to five points: Jeddah, Dammam, Riyadh, Madinah and Jizan. No later page confirming that the service actually started is available in the sources consulted. Announced149 150

The Saudi Foreign Minister's visit to Addis Ababa

The Ethiopian newspaper Capital, relaying Anadolu, reported that the Saudi Foreign Minister met Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed in Addis Ababa in February 2026 to discuss strengthening bilateral ties and cooperation on regional and global issues, and that the visit followed a trip to Riyadh by the Ethiopian Foreign Minister, Gedion Timothewos, on 2 February. 159 160

A phone call between the foreign ministers

The Qatar News Agency, citing the Saudi Press Agency, reported that the Saudi Foreign Minister held a phone call with his Ethiopian counterpart Gedion Timothewos on 21 July 2026 to discuss regional developments and ways to strengthen ties between the two countries. 161

The Saudi-Ethiopian Business Council

Arab News, citing the Saudi Press Agency, reported on 26 August 2024 the creation of a Saudi-Ethiopian Business Council for the 2024-2028 term, approved by the General Authority for Foreign Trade to enhance trade and investment opportunities. No agreed figure for the volume of trade between the two countries is available in the sources consulted. 162

The trade and investment forum of June 2024

Fana reported on 5 June 2024 that a Saudi delegation of 79 investors headed by the Federation of Saudi Chambers took part in the Ethiopia-Saudi Trade and Investment Forum in Addis Ababa, that the chambers of commerce of the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding during it, and that 233 projects had been initiated by Saudi investors. The last figure counts projects initiated, not capital invested or projects in operation. 163 164 165

Talks on agriculture and proposed agreements

Fana reported on 3 December 2024 that Ethiopia's State Minister for Foreign Affairs and Saudi Arabia's Deputy Minister of Environment, Water and Agriculture discussed greater Saudi government and private involvement in investment and trade in Ethiopia, particularly in agricultural production, and finalizing proposed agreements between the two countries. Nothing stating that those agreements were signed is available in the sources consulted. 166

The Saudi Fund for Development loan of 2019

Fana reported on 19 December 2019 that Ethiopia and the Saudi Fund for Development signed a $140 million loan agreement, to be used for the 118-km Debre Marko-Mota road project ($75 million) and the One WaSH National Programme for water and sanitation ($65 million). No recent page on the implementation status is available in the sources consulted. 155 156

ACWA Power and solar energy

Fana reported in December 2019 that Ethiopia signed an agreement with the Saudi company ACWA POWER for the Dicheto and Gad solar projects in the Afar and Somali regions, part of $300 million solar PV projects expected to generate 250 MW (125 MW at each site). Nothing on the construction or operation of the two plants is available in the sources consulted. 157 158

Ethiopian workers in the Kingdom

Ethiopia's ambassador to Saudi Arabia, Muktar Kedir, told the Ethiopian News Agency, in a text published by allAfrica in November 2025, that 200,000 Ethiopians entered the Kingdom legally in the previous year and that preparations were under way to send 360,000 this year. This is an ambassador's statement, and the second figure is a preparatory aim, not a result. 167

The Saudi ambassador on trade and investment

Fana reported on 17 March 2023 that the Saudi ambassador, Fahd Obaidullah Al-Hamidani, said the Kingdom is eager to have a strong trade and investment relationship with Ethiopia. 168

The start of trade relations

The chairman of the Federation of Saudi Chambers said at the June 2024 forum that trade and investment relations between the two countries began in 1948. This is a statement attributed to the chairman of the Federation and was not verified from an independent source. 169

The Horizon Fiber initiative

Reports on Ethio telecom's results say it is advancing the Horizon Fiber initiative to link Djibouti, Ethiopia, Sudan and Saudi Arabia by fibre, without stating a completion date or the Saudi counterpart. 140

Analytical note: the channels of the relationship

The published facts show that the relationship today runs through three channels, trade, above all coffee, aviation and diplomatic contact between the two foreign ministers, while the development financing documented on this page dates from earlier years and no recent page about it is available in the sources consulted. Any study of the relationship needs agreed trade figures and the implementation status of the announced loans and agreements. This is an analytical reading, not a fact. Analysis124 150 155 159

Water and sanitation programme

The Saudi Fund for Development stated in a news item issued in January 2023 that it is implementing the second phase of the first national programme for water and sanitation in Ethiopia, and that the project will serve more than 4 million beneficiaries. 9

Coffee and Saudi Arabia: Xinhua quotes the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea Authority as saying Saudi Arabia, Germany and China were the top three destinations for Ethiopian coffee exports in fiscal year 2025/26.Data year: 2025/26124
Ethiopian Airlines in Saudi Arabia: Ethiopian Airlines announced on 9 December 2025 that its new Jizan service, due from 1 February 2026, brings its network in the Kingdom to five points: Jeddah, Dammam, Riyadh, Madinah and Jizan.Data year: 2025Announced149 150
Saudi-Ethiopian Business Council: Arab News, citing the Saudi Press Agency, reported on 26 August 2024 the creation of a Saudi-Ethiopian Business Council for the 2024-2028 term, approved by the General Authority for Foreign Trade.Data year: 2024162
Visit of the Saudi Foreign Minister: The Ethiopian newspaper Capital, relaying Anadolu, reported that the Saudi Foreign Minister met Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed in Addis Ababa in February 2026 to discuss strengthening bilateral ties and cooperation on regional and global issues.Data year: 2026159
Water and sanitation programme: The Saudi Fund for Development stated in a news item issued in January 2023 that it is implementing the second phase of the first national programme for water and sanitation in Ethiopia, and that the project seeks to increase and sustain sanitation services and provide clean water in rural and urban areas, and will serve more than 4 million beneficiaries.Data year: 20239
The project in the Saudi-British dialogue: A news item on the Saudi Fund for Development's website, relaying the Saudi Press Agency, reports that the Fund's CEO described Ethiopia's water and sanitation programme project as one of the initiatives yielded by the partnership with the United Kingdom in the development field, at the Saudi-UK Strategic Aid Dialogue in March 2023.Data year: 202310

Milestones

2026
2026-07
The Qatar News Agency, citing the Saudi Press Agency, reported that the Saudi Foreign Minister held a phone call with his Ethiopian counterpart Gedion Timothewos on 21 July 2026 to discuss regional developments and ways to strengthen ties. · Unspecified 161
2026
2026-07
Xinhua quotes the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea Authority as saying Saudi Arabia, Germany and China were the top three destinations for Ethiopian coffee exports in fiscal year 2025/26. · Unspecified 124
2026
2026-07
Reports on Ethio telecom's results say it is advancing the Horizon Fiber initiative to link Djibouti, Ethiopia, Sudan and Saudi Arabia by fibre, without stating a completion date. · Announced 140

Earlier record (8)

2026
2026-02
Capital, relaying Anadolu, reported that the Saudi Foreign Minister met Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed in Addis Ababa in February 2026, after the Ethiopian Foreign Minister visited Riyadh on 2 February. · Unspecified 159 160
2025
2025-12
Ethiopian Airlines announced on 9 December 2025 a new service to Jizan from 1 February 2026, bringing its network in the Kingdom to five points. · Announced Announced149 150
2024
2024-12
On 3 December 2024 Ethiopia's State Minister for Foreign Affairs and Saudi Arabia's Deputy Minister of Environment, Water and Agriculture discussed greater Saudi government and private involvement in investment and trade, particularly in agriculture, and finalizing proposed agreements between the two countries. · Unspecified 166
2024-08
Arab News, citing the Saudi Press Agency, reported on 26 August 2024 the creation of a Saudi-Ethiopian Business Council for the 2024-2028 term, approved by the General Authority for Foreign Trade. · Announced 162
2024-06
On 5 June 2024 the Ethiopia-Saudi Trade and Investment Forum opened in Addis Ababa with a Saudi delegation of 79 investors; the chambers of commerce of the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding, and the same report states there were 233 projects initiated by Saudi investors. · Announced 163 164 165
2023
2023-01
The Saudi Fund for Development stated in January 2023 that it is implementing the second phase of the first national water and sanitation programme in Ethiopia, which will serve more than 4 million beneficiaries. · Unspecified 9
2019
2019-12
Fana reported on 19 December 2019 that Ethiopia and the Saudi Fund for Development signed a $140 million loan agreement to finance the 118-km Debre Marko-Mota road ($75 million) and the One WaSH National Programme ($65 million). · Contracted 155 156
2019-12
Fana reported in December 2019 that Ethiopia signed an agreement with the Saudi company ACWA POWER for the Dicheto and Gad solar projects in the Afar and Somali regions, part of $300 million solar PV projects expected to generate 250MW (125MW at each site). · Contracted 157 158

What we do not know yet

The volume of Saudi-Ethiopian trade: no agreed figure is available in the sources consulted.
The implementation status of the Saudi Fund for Development loan signed in 2019 and of the solar projects for which Ethiopia picked ACWA POWER: no recent page about them is available in the sources consulted.
The outcome of the proposed agreements discussed in December 2024: nothing stating that they were signed is available in the sources consulted.
Pilgrimage, and the arrangements for Ethiopian workers in the Kingdom: no dated official page on agreements or quotas is available in the sources consulted.

Media and development

A media landscape led by radio and made up of many outlets according to Reporters Without Borders, with a legal framework the organisation sees as more liberal on paper and says is circumvented in practice.143 144

Track oneMediaA media landscape led by radio and made up of many outlets according to Reporters Without Borders, with a legal framework the organisation sees as more liberal on paper and says is circumvented in practice.Track twoDevelopment

Media and editorial perspectives

Media landscape and law

Press freedom index 2026

Ethiopia ranks 148th out of 180 with a score of 34.66 in the 2026 Reporters Without Borders index, against 145th and 36.92 in 2025. 152

The media landscape

Reporters Without Borders writes that more than 200 once-banned media outlets are now authorised and that radio remains the most popular medium. 143

Leading outlets

Reporters Without Borders names Fana FM, Sheger FM and many regional stations among the most listened to, Kana, EBS and Fana BC among the best-known private TV channels and The Reporter as the most respected independent weekly, and says the few printed newspapers are mostly read by urban elites. 153

The 2021 media law

Reporters Without Borders writes that the media law adopted in 2021 offers a more liberal and protective legal framework for journalists, since defamation was decriminalised and the confidentiality of sources is protected, but it considers that the law is usually circumvented in practice and does not prevent the arrest of journalists. This is an assessment attributed to the organisation; the authorities' replies to it are not available in the sources consulted. 144

Ownership and economics

Reporters Without Borders writes that a handful of businessmen own most of the leading media outlets and that the cost of creating a new outlet, especially in broadcasting, is a significant deterrent. 145

RSF statement on Addis Standard

Reporters Without Borders said on 13 August 2026 that the news site Addis Standard has seen, since the beginning of August, its journalists abducted, equipment confiscated and newsroom raided. This is an allegation attributed to the organisation; the authorities' response is not available in the sources consulted. 146

Connectivity and networks

Connectivity and the internet

Mobile cellular subscriptions were 65.1 per 100 people in 2024, fixed broadband subscriptions 0.59 per 100 people and internet users 21.9% of the population, according to the World Bank drawing on International Telecommunication Union series. 112 113 114

Modern network coverage

Reports on the Ethio telecom annual report say 4G coverage reached 1,200 towns and 82.23% of the population and 5G services reached 33 cities in fiscal year 2025/26. 139

Humanitarian & Development

Topics in this section: Living standards · Income distribution · Life expectancy37 45 46

Living standards and income distribution

Living standards

The poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day (2021 PPP) was 38.6% of the population in 2021 according to the World Bank. 45

Income distribution

The Gini index was 31.1 in 2021 according to the World Bank. 46

Health and nutrition

Life expectancy

Life expectancy at birth was 67.6 years in 2024 according to the World Bank estimate. Estimate37

Maternal health

The modelled maternal mortality ratio was 195 per 100,000 live births in 2023 according to the World Bank. Estimate38

Measles immunization

Measles immunization coverage was 72% among children aged 12-23 months in 2024 according to the World Bank. 39

Child growth

Stunting prevalence was 36.8% among children under 5 in 2019, the latest survey-based value in the World Bank data. 40

Nutrition indicators

Undernourishment prevalence was 19.7% of the population in 2023 according to an estimate based on Food and Agriculture Organization data presented by the World Bank. Estimate41

Basic services

Water and sanitation

People using at least basic drinking water services made up 55.6% of the population in 2024 and those using at least basic sanitation services 10.4%, according to the World Bank estimate. Estimate42 43

Results of the water and sanitation programme

The World Bank states that under Phase II of the Consolidated WASH Account Project ($596.3 million), 2.76 million people were provided with improved water supply services and 6.25 million with improved sanitation to the date of the page. 101

Analytical note: basic needs

The published figures show that basic services, particularly sanitation and electricity, remain far from universal and that poverty stayed high at the international line. The documented needs, not the announced ambitions, are therefore what can serve as a basis for any development cooperation. This is an analytical note, not an investment recommendation. Analysis42 43 44 45

Protection and climate

The rural safety net

The World Bank states that the Strengthen Adaptative Safety Net Project ($1.1 billion) supports the rural Productive Safety Net Program from which 8 million people benefit. 100

Climate impact estimates

The World Bank, drawing on the 2024 Country Climate and Development Report, states that annual average losses to GDP are expected to range between 1-1.5% and rise to 5% by the 2040s. This is a projection, not a recorded figure. Forecast99

Skills

Aviation training

Ethiopian Airlines announced on 17 January 2026 that the Ethiopian Aviation University graduated 457 aviation professionals from 12 countries. 173

Sources

Sources and updates

Sources cited on this page, numbered as they appear next to each item.

Last reviewed: 2026-10-08

This file is written from public pages (official, international and press) read on 7 and 8 October 2026 (the reading date appears on each source). It was enriched on 8 October 2026 with sections on society, culture, economy, institutions, the relationship with the Kingdom, media and development. It has not yet had a human language review, and whatever could not be confirmed from a source consulted has been kept out of the public text.

Fana Media Corporation, a state-affiliated outlet, reported the formation of a new government on 8 October 2026. The names of ministers and officials in other sections are as their institutions' websites showed them on 7 October 2026, without a dated appointment page, so they should not be read as the current post-holders and may have been superseded. The head of state is not named because no dated official page naming him is available in the sources consulted, and election results are not presented because the official results page of the National Election Board is not available.

The policy rate and the treasury bill yield displayed on the National Bank of Ethiopia's website are undated on the page, so they are not published; what is published instead is what appears in the Monetary Policy Committee statement dated 13 July 2026 (and, for gold's contribution to growth, its statement dated 31 March 2026). Where sources conflicted on one quantity, none of them was published silently.

Source register (175)

1
National Bank of Ethiopia
National Bank of Ethiopia establishment — 01 Institutions
Official · Accessed 2026-10-07
Cited in: Institutional context · Establishment of the National Bank of Ethiopia · National Bank of Ethiopia
2
National Bank of Ethiopia
National Bank of Ethiopia mandate — 01 Institutions
Official · Accessed 2026-10-07
Cited in: Institutional context · Currency · Mandate of the National Bank of Ethiopia · National Bank of Ethiopia
3
National Bank of Ethiopia
Governor of the National Bank of Ethiopia — 02 Leadership
Official · Accessed 2026-10-07
Cited in: Institutional context · Governor of the National Bank of Ethiopia
4
Ministry of Finance, Ethiopia
Minister of Finance — 02 Leadership
Official · Accessed 2026-10-07
Cited in: Institutional context · Minister of Finance
5
Ministry of Finance, Ethiopia
Ministry of Finance mission — 01 Institutions
Official · Accessed 2026-10-07
Cited in: Mission of the Ministry of Finance · Ministry of Finance
6
Ethiopian Statistics Service
National censuses — 04 Society
Official · Accessed 2026-10-07
Cited in: National censuses
7
Ministry of Planning and Development, Ethiopia
Minister of Planning and Development — 02 Leadership
Official · Accessed 2026-10-07
Cited in: Institutional context · Minister of Planning and Development · Ministry of Planning and Development
8
African Union
African Union membership — 05 Regional
Media · Accessed 2026-10-07
Cited in: Institutional context · African Union membership
9
Saudi Fund for Development
SFD water and sanitation programme in Ethiopia — 06 Saudi
Official · Published 2023-02-01 · Accessed 2026-10-07
Cited in: Water and sanitation programme · The Saudi Fund for Development stated in January 2023 that it is implementing the second phase of the first national water and sanitation programme in Ethiopia, which will serve more than 4 million beneficiaries.
10
Saudi Fund for Development
SFD CEO on Ethiopia water and sanitation programme with the UK — 06 Saudi
Official · Published 2023-03-16 · Accessed 2026-10-07
Cited in: The project in the Saudi-British dialogue
11
Ministry of Finance, Ethiopia
IMF staff-level agreement on fifth ECF review — 03 Economy
Official · Published 2026-06-03 · Accessed 2026-10-07
Cited in: Fifth review · Fifth review with the IMF
12
Ministry of Finance, Ethiopia
Eurobond restructuring agreement in principle — 03 Economy
Official · Published 2026-06-29 · Accessed 2026-10-07
Cited in: Debt and the IMF agreement · Restructuring of the international bonds
13
House of Peoples' Representatives of the FDRE
Federal budget approved by the House of Peoples' Representatives for EFY 2019 — 03 Economy
Official · Published 2018-06-30 E.C. · Accessed 2026-10-07
Cited in: Federal budget · Federal budget for 2019 in the Ethiopian calendar
14
House of Peoples' Representatives of the FDRE
Speaker of the House of Peoples' Representatives — 02 Leadership
Official · Accessed 2026-10-07
Cited in: Speaker of the House of Peoples' Representatives · House of Peoples' Representatives
15
House of Peoples' Representatives of the FDRE
Prime Minister named on parliament site — 02 Leadership
Official · Accessed 2026-10-07
Cited in: Prime Minister according to the parliament's website
16
Intergovernmental Authority on Development
IGAD membership — 05 Regional
Official · Accessed 2026-10-07
Cited in: Institutional context · IGAD membership
17
Ministry of Finance, Ethiopia
Homegrown Economic Reform Agenda — 03 Economy
Official · Accessed 2026-10-07
Cited in: Homegrown Economic Reform Agenda
18
Ethiopian Statistics Service
Ethiopian Statistics Service origins — 01 Institutions
Official · Accessed 2026-10-07
Cited in: Institutional context · Origins of the statistics service
19
Ethiopian Statistics Service
Ethiopian Statistics Service role — 01 Institutions
Official · Accessed 2026-10-07
Cited in: Role of the Statistics Service · Ethiopian Statistics Service
20
World Bank (country metadata API)
Capital city — Identity
International · Accessed 2026-10-07
Cited in: Capital
21
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Total population (Population, total) — 04 Society
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The axes in brief: People & Society · Population in 2025 · Population
22
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Population growth rate (Population growth (annual %)) — 04 Society
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Population in 2025 · Population growth
23
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Total fertility rate (Fertility rate, total (births per woman)) — 04 Society
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Fertility · Analytical reading: the young population and education
24
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Population under 15 (Population ages 0-14 (% of total population)) — 04 Society
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The axes in brief: People & Society · Age structure · Analytical reading: the young population and education · Population aged 0-14
25
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Population aged 65 and above (Population ages 65 and above (% of total population)) — 04 Society
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Age structure
26
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Rural population share (Rural population (% of total population)) — 04 Society
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The axes in brief: People & Society · Rural and urban life · Rural and urban population
27
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Urban population share (Urban population (% of total population)) — 04 Society
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Rural and urban life · Rural and urban population
28
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Urban population growth (Urban population growth (annual %)) — 04 Society
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Rural and urban life
29
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Population density (Population density (people per sq. km of land area)) — 04 Society
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Population density
30
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Surface area (Surface area (sq. km)) — 10 Geography
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Area
31
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Adult literacy rate (Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)) — 04 Society
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Literacy · Analytical reading: the young population and education · Adult literacy
32
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Youth literacy rate (Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages 15-24)) — 04 Society
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Literacy
33
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Primary school enrolment (School enrollment, primary (% gross)) — 04 Society
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Primary school
34
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Children out of school (Children out of school (% of primary school age)) — 04 Society
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Primary school · Analytical reading: the young population and education
35
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Government expenditure on education (Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP)) — 04 Society
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Spending on education
36
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Women in parliament (Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%)) — 04 Society
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Women in parliament
37
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Life expectancy at birth (Life expectancy at birth, total (years)) — 09 Development
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The axes in brief: Humanitarian & Development · Life expectancy
38
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Maternal mortality ratio (Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births)) — 09 Development
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Maternal health
39
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Measles immunization (Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)) — 09 Development
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Measles immunization
40
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Child stunting (Prevalence of stunting, height for age (% of children under 5)) — 09 Development
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Child growth
41
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Undernourishment (Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population)) — 09 Development
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Nutrition indicators
42
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Basic drinking water (People using at least basic drinking water services (% of population)) — 09 Development
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Water and sanitation · Analytical note: basic needs
43
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Basic sanitation (People using at least basic sanitation services (% of population)) — 09 Development
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Water and sanitation · Analytical note: basic needs
44
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Access to electricity (Access to electricity (% of population)) — 09 Development
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Access to electricity · Analytical reading: electricity generation and access · Area to study: electricity and renewables · Analytical note: basic needs · Electricity and renewables
45
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Poverty headcount at $3.00 a day (Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day (2021 PPP) (% of population)) — 09 Development
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The axes in brief: Humanitarian & Development · Living standards · Analytical note: basic needs
46
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Gini index (Gini index) — 09 Development
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The axes in brief: Humanitarian & Development · Income distribution
47
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
World Heritage properties of Ethiopia — 07 Culture
International · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: World Heritage
48
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Ratification of the World Heritage Convention — 07 Culture
International · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Joining the World Heritage Convention
49
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Inscribed World Heritage properties and inscription years — 07 Culture
International · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The axes in brief: Culture & Identity · Inscribed properties and the years of inscription · Analytical note: the range of the listed heritage
50
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Tentative List — 07 Culture
International · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The Tentative List
51
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Negash village on the Tentative List — 07 Culture
International · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The village of Negash
52
UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
Intangible cultural heritage elements — 07 Culture
International · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The axes in brief: Culture & Identity · Intangible heritage · Analytical note: the range of the listed heritage
53
UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
Ratification of the 2003 Convention — 07 Culture
International · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The 2003 Convention
54
UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
UNESCO emergency project for Lalibela — 07 Culture
International · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: UNESCO's project to safeguard Lalibela's heritage
55
University of Bern, International Constitutional Law (text of the 1994 Constitution)
Languages in the Constitution (Article 5) — 04 Society
Media · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: From within · Languages · Languages in the Constitution
56
University of Bern, International Constitutional Law (text of the 1994 Constitution)
Member States of the Federal Democratic Republic (Article 47) — 01 Institutions
Media · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: From within · The axes in brief: Institutional context · Institutional context · Federal structure
57
University of Bern, International Constitutional Law (text of the 1994 Constitution)
Capital city (Article 49) — 01 Institutions
Media · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Addis Ababa in the Constitution
58
University of Bern, International Constitutional Law (text of the 1994 Constitution)
Federal Houses (Articles 53-54) — 01 Institutions
Media · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The axes in brief: Institutional context · Institutional context · The two federal houses
59
University of Bern, International Constitutional Law (text of the 1994 Constitution)
Size of the House of Peoples' Representatives (Article 54) — 01 Institutions
Media · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Institutional context · The two federal houses
60
University of Bern, International Constitutional Law (text of the 1994 Constitution)
Formation of the executive (Article 56) — 01 Institutions
Media · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Institutional context
61
University of Bern, International Constitutional Law (text of the 1994 Constitution)
President (Article 70) — 01 Institutions
Media · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Institutional context · The President in the Constitution
62
University of Bern, International Constitutional Law (text of the 1994 Constitution)
House of the Federation (Article 62) — 01 Institutions
Media · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Institutional context
63
University of Bern, International Constitutional Law (text of the 1994 Constitution)
State and religion (Article 11) — 04 Society
Media · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: State and religion
64
University of Bern, International Constitutional Law (text of the 1994 Constitution)
Ethiopian calendar in the Constitution (Article 58) — 07 Culture
Media · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Ethiopian months in the Constitution
65
African Union
Charter of the OAU signed in Addis Ababa — 05 Regional
Media · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Addis Ababa and continental diplomacy
66
African Union
African Union Headquarters — 05 Regional
Media · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: From within · Addis Ababa and continental diplomacy · Seat of the African Union · African Union
67
African Union
African Union membership size and launch — 05 Regional
Media · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: African Union
68
National Election Board of Ethiopia
Free airtime lottery of the 7 th General Election — 02 Leadership
Media · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Institutional context
69
National Election Board of Ethiopia
Legal basis of the Election Board — 01 Institutions
Media · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Institutional context · The National Election Board · National Election Board of Ethiopia
70
Fana Media Corporation (state-affiliated Ethiopian media)
General election and re-election of the Prime Minister (state media report) — 02 Leadership
Official · Published 2026-10-08 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Women in parliament · Institutional context
71
Fana Media Corporation (state-affiliated Ethiopian media)
New ministerial cabinet (state media report) — 02 Leadership
Media · Published 2026-10-08 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: From within · Before any economic meeting · The axes in brief: Institutional context · Institutional context
72
Fana Media Corporation (state-affiliated Ethiopian media)
Opening of the 7 th parliamentary term — 02 Leadership
Official · Published 2026-10-08 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Institutional context
73
Fana Media Corporation (state-affiliated Ethiopian media)
Minister of Foreign Affairs (state media report) — 02 Leadership
Media · Published 2026-10-08 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Institutional context
74
Fana Media Corporation (state-affiliated Ethiopian media)
Deputy Prime Minister (state media report) — 02 Leadership
Official · Published 2026-10-08 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Institutional context
75
Fana Media Corporation (state-affiliated Ethiopian media)
Women in the new cabinet (state media report) — 02 Leadership
Media · Published 2026-10-08 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Institutional context
76
National Bank of Ethiopia
Real GDP growth FY2024/25 and sector contributions — 03 Economy
Official · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Growth in 2024/25 · Analytical reading: reform, external balances and prices · GDP growth in 2024/25
77
National Bank of Ethiopia
Projected real GDP growth FY2025/26 — 03 Economy
Official · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Projected growth in 2025/26
78
National Bank of Ethiopia
Average real GDP growth over eight years — 03 Economy
Official · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Average growth over eight years
79
National Bank of Ethiopia
Gold contribution to growth — 03 Economy
Official · Published 2026-03-31 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Gold's contribution to growth
80
National Bank of Ethiopia
Headline inflation April-May 2026 — 03 Economy
Official · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The axes in brief: Economy & Investment · Inflation in April and May 2026 · Analytical reading: reform, external balances and prices · Inflation in May 2026
81
National Bank of Ethiopia
Inflation outlook — 03 Economy
Official · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The inflation outlook · Analytical reading: reform, external balances and prices
82
National Bank of Ethiopia
Treasury bill yield May 2026 — 03 Economy
Official · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Treasury bills and the interbank market
83
National Bank of Ethiopia
Budget deficit — 03 Economy
Official · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The budget deficit · Analytical reading: reform, external balances and prices
84
National Bank of Ethiopia
Current account deficit — 03 Economy
Official · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The current account · Analytical reading: reform, external balances and prices
85
National Bank of Ethiopia
Goods exports threefold — 03 Economy
Official · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The axes in brief: Economy & Investment · The current account
86
National Bank of Ethiopia
Removal of the credit cap — 03 Economy
Official · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: NBE decisions of 13 July 2026: credit and policy rate
87
National Bank of Ethiopia
Policy rate increase — 03 Economy
Official · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: NBE decisions of 13 July 2026: credit and policy rate · Analytical reading: reform, external balances and prices · Before any economic meeting
88
National Bank of Ethiopia
FX commission rate — 03 Economy
Official · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: NBE decisions: foreign exchange · Foreign exchange in practice
89
National Bank of Ethiopia
Foreign exchange surrender requirement — 03 Economy
Official · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: NBE decisions: foreign exchange · Foreign exchange in practice
90
National Bank of Ethiopia
Loan-to-deposit ratio of private banks — 03 Economy
Official · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The banking sector
91
National Bank of Ethiopia
Interbank money market volume — 03 Economy
Official · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Treasury bills and the interbank market
92
National Bank of Ethiopia
Services and industry indicators — 03 Economy
Official · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Industry and services
93
Ministry of Finance of Ethiopia
Comparability of Treatment assessment — 03 Economy
Official · Published 2026-08-21 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Eurobond restructuring: updates
94
Ministry of Finance of Ethiopia
Update on the 6.625% Notes due 2024 — 03 Economy
Official · Published 2026-05-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Eurobond restructuring: updates
95
World Bank
July 2024 macroeconomic reform (World Bank description) — 03 Economy
International · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: From within · The July 2024 reform · Analytical reading: reform, external balances and prices
96
World Bank
Official and parallel exchange rate spread (World Bank) — 03 Economy
International · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The official-parallel exchange-rate gap · Foreign exchange in practice
97
World Bank
World Bank portfolio in Ethiopia — 03 Economy
International · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The World Bank Group portfolio
98
World Bank Group
MIGA guarantee exposure in Ethiopia — 03 Economy
International · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The World Bank Group portfolio
99
World Bank
Climate losses projection (World Bank CCDR 2024) — 09 Development
International · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Climate impact estimates
100
World Bank
Rural Productive Safety Net Program — 09 Development
International · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The rural safety net
101
World Bank
WASH programme results — 09 Development
International · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Results of the water and sanitation programme
102
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Agriculture value added (Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP)) — 03 Economy
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Structure of output
103
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Industry value added (Industry (including construction), value added (% of GDP)) — 03 Economy
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Structure of output
104
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Services value added (Services, value added (% of GDP)) — 03 Economy
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Structure of output
105
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Employment in agriculture (Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)) — 03 Economy
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: From within · The labour force and agricultural employment
106
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Labour force (Labor force, total) — 03 Economy
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The labour force and agricultural employment
107
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Foreign direct investment inflows (Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$)) — 03 Economy
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Foreign direct investment inflows
108
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Exports of goods and services (Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)) — 03 Economy
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Exports as a share of GDP
109
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
GNI per capita, Atlas method (GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$)) — 03 Economy
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Gross national income per head
110
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Electric power consumption (Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)) — 03 Economy
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Electricity consumption per head · Analytical reading: electricity generation and access
111
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Renewable energy consumption (Renewable energy consumption (% of total final energy consumption)) — 03 Economy
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Share of renewable energy
112
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Mobile cellular subscriptions (Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people)) — 08 Media
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Connectivity and the internet
113
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Fixed broadband subscriptions (Fixed broadband subscriptions (per 100 people)) — 08 Media
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Connectivity and the internet
114
World Bank (World Development Indicators API)
Individuals using the internet (Individuals using the Internet (% of population)) — 08 Media
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Connectivity and the internet
115
World Bank Group
IFC portfolio in Ethiopia — 03 Economy
International · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The World Bank Group portfolio
116
Ethiopian Electric Power
Transmission network shown by Ethiopian Electric Power — 03 Economy
Media · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The transmission network · Ethiopian Electric Power · Electricity
117
Tractebel (ENGIE), engineering consultant to Ethiopian Electric Power
Inauguration of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam — 03 Economy
Media · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam
118
Ethiopian Investment Commission
Sectors listed by the Ethiopian Investment Commission — 03 Economy
Official · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Sectors listed by the Investment Commission · Before any economic meeting · Ethiopian Investment Commission
119
Ethiopian Investment Commission
EIC electronic investment service platform — 03 Economy
Official · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The electronic service platform · Before any economic meeting · Ethiopian Investment Commission
120
Ethiopian Airlines Group
Bishoftu International Airport construction start — 03 Economy
Media · Published 2026-01-10 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Bishoftu International Airport · Area to study: aviation and logistics · Ethiopian Airlines Group · Aviation · Aviation and logistics
121
Ethiopian Airlines Group
Order of nine Boeing 787-9 aircraft — 03 Economy
Media · Published 2026-01-20 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The Dreamliner order · Area to study: aviation and logistics · Aviation and logistics
122
Xinhua via The Star (Malaysia)
Coffee export earnings in FY2025/26 (Ethiopian Coffee and Tea Authority via Xinhua) — 03 Economy
Media · Published 2026-07-05 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: From within · Coffee in 2025/26 · Analytical note: concentrated sources of foreign exchange · Area to study: the coffee value chain · Coffee · Coffee value chain and export
123
Xinhua via The Star (Malaysia)
Coffee export price (Authority statement via Xinhua) — 03 Economy
Media · Published 2026-07-05 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Coffee in 2025/26 · Coffee
124
Xinhua via The Star (Malaysia)
Top destinations of Ethiopian coffee (Authority statement via Xinhua) — 06 Saudi
Media · Published 2026-07-05 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Area to study: the coffee value chain · The axes in brief: Relations with Saudi Arabia · Coffee: Saudi Arabia among the top destinations · Analytical note: the channels of the relationship · Coffee and Saudi Arabia · Xinhua quotes the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea Authority as saying Saudi Arabia, Germany and China were the top three destinations for Ethiopian coffee exports in fiscal year 2025/26. · Coffee value chain and export
125
Xinhua via The Star (Malaysia)
Coffee production (Authority statement via Xinhua) — 03 Economy
Media · Published 2026-07-05 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Coffee production
126
Xinhua via The Star (Malaysia)
Coffee export ambition (Authority statement via Xinhua) — 03 Economy
Media · Published 2026-07-05 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The coffee ambition · Area to study: the coffee value chain
127
Xinhua via The Star (Malaysia)
Horticulture exports in FY2025/26 (Ministry of Agriculture via Xinhua) — 03 Economy
Media · Published 2026-07-26 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Horticulture and flowers · Area to study: flowers and horticulture for export · Flowers and horticulture for export
128
Xinhua via The Star (Malaysia)
Flower exports (Ministry of Agriculture via Xinhua) — 03 Economy
Media · Published 2026-07-26 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Horticulture and flowers · Area to study: flowers and horticulture for export · Flowers and horticulture for export
129
Xinhua via The Star (Malaysia)
Horticulture export plan FY2026/27 (Ministry of Agriculture via Xinhua) — 03 Economy
Media · Published 2026-07-26 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The horticulture plan for the next year · Area to study: flowers and horticulture for export
130
Xinhua via The Peninsula (Qatar)
Gold exports in FY2025/26 (Ministry of Mines via Xinhua) — 03 Economy
Media · Published 2026-08-07 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: From within · Gold and mining · Analytical note: concentrated sources of foreign exchange · Area to study: gold and mining value-chain services · Gold in 2025/26 · Gold and mining value-chain services
131
Xinhua via The Peninsula (Qatar)
Mining export revenue FY2025/26 and plan (Ministry of Mines via Xinhua) — 03 Economy
Media · Published 2026-08-07 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Gold and mining · Area to study: gold and mining value-chain services · Gold and mining value-chain services
132
Xinhua via The Peninsula (Qatar)
Mining export revenue aim FY2026/27 — 03 Economy
Media · Published 2026-08-07 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The mining aim for the next year · Area to study: gold and mining value-chain services
133
Amhara Media Corporation (regional state media)
Export revenue target FY2026/27 (Amhara Media Corporation) — 03 Economy
Media · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The export target for the next year
134
Capital Ethiopia (private weekly newspaper)
Concentration of exports in gold and coffee (Capital newspaper) — 03 Economy
Media · Published 2026-07-12 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: From within · The axes in brief: Economy & Investment · Export concentration · Analytical note: concentrated sources of foreign exchange
135
TechAfrica News (relaying Ethio telecom annual report)
Ethio telecom revenue FY2025/26 — 03 Economy
Media · Published 2026-07-23 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Ethio telecom: revenue and customers · Analytical reading: digitalisation and financial infrastructure · Ethio telecom · Telecoms and digital finance
136
TechAfrica News (relaying Ethio telecom annual report)
Ethio telecom customers — 03 Economy
Media · Published 2026-07-23 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Ethio telecom: revenue and customers · Telecoms and digital finance
137
TechAfrica News (relaying Ethio telecom annual report)
Data revenue overtakes voice — 03 Economy
Media · Published 2026-07-23 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Data and mobile money · Analytical reading: digitalisation and financial infrastructure · Area to study: digital services and mobile money · Digital services and mobile money
138
TechAfrica News (relaying Ethio telecom annual report)
telebirr mobile money — 03 Economy
Media · Published 2026-07-23 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Data and mobile money · Analytical reading: digitalisation and financial infrastructure · Area to study: digital services and mobile money · Telecoms and digital finance · Digital services and mobile money
139
TechAfrica News (relaying Ethio telecom annual report)
4G and 5G coverage — 03 Economy
Media · Published 2026-07-23 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: 4G and 5G coverage · Area to study: digital services and mobile money · Modern network coverage
140
TechAfrica News (relaying Ethio telecom annual report)
Horizon Fiber regional connectivity — 06 Saudi
Media · Published 2026-07-23 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The Horizon Fiber initiative · Reports on Ethio telecom's results say it is advancing the Horizon Fiber initiative to link Djibouti, Ethiopia, Sudan and Saudi Arabia by fibre, without stating a completion date.
141
TechAfrica News (relaying Ethio telecom annual report)
Ethio telecom listing on the Ethiopian Securities Exchange — 03 Economy
Media · Published 2026-07-23 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The first listing: Ethio telecom · Area to study: capital markets and listings · Ethio telecom
142
Ethiopian Capital Market Authority
Capital Markets Proclamation and ECMA — 01 Institutions
Official · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Area to study: capital markets and listings · Institutional context · The Capital Market Authority · Ethiopian Capital Market Authority · Capital markets and listings
143
Reporters Without Borders (RSF)
Media landscape (RSF) — 08 Media
Media · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The axes in brief: Media & Stories · The media landscape
144
Reporters Without Borders (RSF)
Media law of 2021 (RSF) — 08 Media
Media · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The axes in brief: Media & Stories · The 2021 media law
145
Reporters Without Borders (RSF)
Media ownership (RSF) — 08 Media
Media · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Ownership and economics
146
Reporters Without Borders (RSF)
RSF statement on Addis Standard (13 August 2026) — 08 Media
Media · Published 2026-08-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: RSF statement on Addis Standard
147
Ethiopian Electric Power
Current generating capacity shown by Ethiopian Electric Power — 03 Economy
Media · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Current generating capacity · Analytical reading: electricity generation and access · Area to study: electricity and renewables · Ethiopian Electric Power · Electricity · Electricity and renewables
148
Tractebel (ENGIE), engineering consultant to Ethiopian Electric Power
Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam capacity (project engineer statement) — 03 Economy
Media · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam · Area to study: electricity and renewables
149
Ethiopian Airlines Group
Ethiopian Airlines network in Saudi Arabia — 06 Saudi
Media · Published 2025-12-09 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Area to study: aviation and logistics · Ethiopian Airlines and the Kingdom · Ethiopian Airlines in Saudi Arabia · Ethiopian Airlines announced on 9 December 2025 a new service to Jizan from 1 February 2026, bringing its network in the Kingdom to five points. · Aviation and logistics
150
Ethiopian Airlines Group
Ethiopian Airlines points in Saudi Arabia — 06 Saudi
Media · Published 2025-12-09 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Ethiopian Airlines and the Kingdom · Analytical note: the channels of the relationship · Ethiopian Airlines in Saudi Arabia · Ethiopian Airlines announced on 9 December 2025 a new service to Jizan from 1 February 2026, bringing its network in the Kingdom to five points.
151
Ethiopian Securities Exchange
Bank of Abyssinia listing on the ESX — 03 Economy
Media · Published 2026-07-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Listings on the securities exchange · Area to study: capital markets and listings · Ethiopian Securities Exchange · Capital markets
152
Reporters Without Borders (RSF)
RSF World Press Freedom Index — 08 Media
Media · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Press freedom index 2026
153
Reporters Without Borders (RSF)
Main outlets (RSF) — 08 Media
Media · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Leading outlets
154
Ethiopian Securities Exchange
Sidama Bank listing on the ESX — 03 Economy
Media · Published 2026-09-29 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Listings on the securities exchange · Analytical reading: digitalisation and financial infrastructure · Area to study: capital markets and listings · Ethiopian Securities Exchange · Capital markets · Capital markets and listings
155
Fana Broadcasting Corporation (now Fana Media Corporation)
Saudi Fund for Development loan agreement of December 2019 — 06 Saudi
Media · Published 2019-12-19 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The axes in brief: Relations with Saudi Arabia · The Saudi Fund for Development loan of 2019 · Analytical note: the channels of the relationship · Fana reported on 19 December 2019 that Ethiopia and the Saudi Fund for Development signed a $140 million loan agreement to finance the 118-km Debre Marko-Mota road ($75 million) and the One WaSH National Programme ($65 million).
156
Fana Broadcasting Corporation (now Fana Media Corporation)
Use of the 2019 SFD loan — 06 Saudi
Media · Published 2019-12-19 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The Saudi Fund for Development loan of 2019 · Fana reported on 19 December 2019 that Ethiopia and the Saudi Fund for Development signed a $140 million loan agreement to finance the 118-km Debre Marko-Mota road ($75 million) and the One WaSH National Programme ($65 million).
157
Fana Broadcasting Corporation (now Fana Media Corporation)
ACWA Power solar projects (December 2019 report) — 06 Saudi
Media · Published 2019-12-19 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: ACWA Power and solar energy · Fana reported in December 2019 that Ethiopia signed an agreement with the Saudi company ACWA POWER for the Dicheto and Gad solar projects in the Afar and Somali regions, part of $300 million solar PV projects expected to generate 250MW (125MW at each site).
158
Fana Broadcasting Corporation (now Fana Media Corporation)
ACWA Power agreement signed — 06 Saudi
Media · Published 2019-12-19 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: ACWA Power and solar energy · Fana reported in December 2019 that Ethiopia signed an agreement with the Saudi company ACWA POWER for the Dicheto and Gad solar projects in the Afar and Somali regions, part of $300 million solar PV projects expected to generate 250MW (125MW at each site).
159
Capital Ethiopia relaying Anadolu Agency
Visit of the Saudi Foreign Minister to Addis Ababa (February 2026) — 06 Saudi
Media · Published 2026-02-15 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The axes in brief: Relations with Saudi Arabia · The Saudi Foreign Minister's visit to Addis Ababa · Analytical note: the channels of the relationship · Visit of the Saudi Foreign Minister · Capital, relaying Anadolu, reported that the Saudi Foreign Minister met Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed in Addis Ababa in February 2026, after the Ethiopian Foreign Minister visited Riyadh on 2 February.
160
Capital Ethiopia relaying Anadolu Agency
Ethiopian Foreign Minister in Riyadh (February 2026) — 06 Saudi
Media · Published 2026-02-15 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The Saudi Foreign Minister's visit to Addis Ababa · Capital, relaying Anadolu, reported that the Saudi Foreign Minister met Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed in Addis Ababa in February 2026, after the Ethiopian Foreign Minister visited Riyadh on 2 February.
161
Qatar News Agency (citing the Saudi Press Agency)
Telephone call between the foreign ministers (21 July 2026) — 06 Saudi
Media · Published 2026-07-21 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The axes in brief: Relations with Saudi Arabia · A phone call between the foreign ministers · The Qatar News Agency, citing the Saudi Press Agency, reported that the Saudi Foreign Minister held a phone call with his Ethiopian counterpart Gedion Timothewos on 21 July 2026 to discuss regional developments and ways to strengthen ties.
162
Arab News (citing the Saudi Press Agency)
Saudi-Ethiopian Business Council — 06 Saudi
Media · Published 2024-08-26 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The Saudi-Ethiopian Business Council · Saudi-Ethiopian Business Council · Arab News, citing the Saudi Press Agency, reported on 26 August 2024 the creation of a Saudi-Ethiopian Business Council for the 2024-2028 term, approved by the General Authority for Foreign Trade.
163
Fana Broadcasting Corporation (now Fana Media Corporation)
Ethiopia-Saudi Trade and Investment Forum (June 2024) — 06 Saudi
Media · Published 2024-06-05 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The trade and investment forum of June 2024 · On 5 June 2024 the Ethiopia-Saudi Trade and Investment Forum opened in Addis Ababa with a Saudi delegation of 79 investors; the chambers of commerce of the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding, and the same report states there were 233 projects initiated by Saudi investors.
164
Fana Broadcasting Corporation (now Fana Media Corporation)
Memorandum between the chambers and Saudi-initiated projects (June 2024) — 06 Saudi
Media · Published 2024-06-05 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The trade and investment forum of June 2024 · On 5 June 2024 the Ethiopia-Saudi Trade and Investment Forum opened in Addis Ababa with a Saudi delegation of 79 investors; the chambers of commerce of the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding, and the same report states there were 233 projects initiated by Saudi investors.
165
Fana Broadcasting Corporation (now Fana Media Corporation)
Saudi-initiated investment projects (June 2024) — 06 Saudi
Media · Published 2024-06-05 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The trade and investment forum of June 2024 · On 5 June 2024 the Ethiopia-Saudi Trade and Investment Forum opened in Addis Ababa with a Saudi delegation of 79 investors; the chambers of commerce of the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding, and the same report states there were 233 projects initiated by Saudi investors.
166
Fana Broadcasting Corporation (now Fana Media Corporation)
Talks on agricultural investment and proposed agreements (December 2024) — 06 Saudi
Media · Published 2024-12-03 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Talks on agriculture and proposed agreements · On 3 December 2024 Ethiopia's State Minister for Foreign Affairs and Saudi Arabia's Deputy Minister of Environment, Water and Agriculture discussed greater Saudi government and private involvement in investment and trade, particularly in agriculture, and finalizing proposed agreements between the two countries.
167
Ethiopian News Agency via allAfrica
Ethiopian migrant workers in Saudi Arabia (ambassador statement, November 2025) — 06 Saudi
Media · Published 2025-11-21 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Ethiopian workers in the Kingdom
168
Fana Broadcasting Corporation (now Fana Media Corporation)
Saudi ambassador on trade and investment (March 2023) — 06 Saudi
Media · Published 2023-03-17 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The Saudi ambassador on trade and investment
169
Fana Broadcasting Corporation (now Fana Media Corporation)
Start of trade and investment relations (Saudi chambers statement) — 06 Saudi
Media · Published 2024-06-05 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The start of trade relations
170
National Bank of Ethiopia
Currency: the Birr — Identity
Official · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Currency
171
Amhara Media Corporation (regional state media)
Ethiopian fiscal year 2018 E.C. equals 2025/26 — Identity
Media · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: The Ethiopian and Gregorian calendars · How to read the dates
172
Xinhua via The Star (Malaysia)
End of the 2025/26 Ethiopian fiscal year — Identity
Media · Published 2026-07-26 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: How to read the dates
173
Ethiopian Airlines Group
Ethiopian Aviation University graduates — 09 Development
Media · Published 2026-01-17 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Aviation training
174
National Bank of Ethiopia
Foreign exchange reserves of the NBE (MPC statement) — 03 Economy
Official · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08
Cited in: Foreign exchange reserves
175
World Bank
World Development Indicators: Ethiopia
International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-07
Cited in: Population · GDP · GDP per capita · GDP growth · Urban population · Population under 15 · Life expectancy · Access to electricity · Internet users

Selected indicators

Country card

The axes in brief

Geographic context and connectivity

Population in 2025

People & Society

Culture & Identity

World Heritage

Joining the World Heritage Convention

Inscribed properties and the years of inscription

Intangible heritage

The 2003 Convention

UNESCO's project to safeguard Lalibela's heritage

Ethiopian months in the Constitution

The Ethiopian and Gregorian calendars

The Tentative List

The village of Negash

Addis Ababa and continental diplomacy

Analytical note: the range of the listed heritage

Leadership

Institutions

Government and institutions 3

Investment and finance 2

Sectors and regulation 2

Media and statistics 1

Other bodies 5

Go deeper

Growth in 2024/25

Projected growth in 2025/26

Average growth over eight years

Gold's contribution to growth

The July 2024 reform

The official-parallel exchange-rate gap

NBE decisions of 13 July 2026: credit and policy rate

NBE decisions: foreign exchange

Inflation in April and May 2026

The inflation outlook

Treasury bills and the interbank market

The budget deficit

The current account

Foreign exchange reserves

The banking sector

Eurobond restructuring: updates

Exports as a share of GDP

Gross national income per head

Debt and the IMF agreement

Fifth review

Federal budget

Structure of output

The labour force and agricultural employment

Coffee in 2025/26

Coffee production

The coffee ambition

Gold and mining

The mining aim for the next year

Horticulture and flowers

The horticulture plan for the next year

Industry and services

Export concentration

The export target for the next year

Current generating capacity

The transmission network

The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam

Access to electricity

Electricity consumption per head

Share of renewable energy

Bishoftu International Airport

The Dreamliner order

Ethio telecom: revenue and customers

Data and mobile money

4G and 5G coverage

Sectors listed by the Investment Commission

The electronic service platform

Foreign direct investment inflows

The World Bank Group portfolio

Listings on the securities exchange

The first listing: Ethio telecom

Analytical reading: reform, external balances and prices

Analytical note: concentrated sources of foreign exchange

Analytical reading: electricity generation and access