East

Comoros

جزر القمرComores

Mission
In scope · Country file in preparation
Country file
Published, with sources · Last reviewed 2026-10-08

From within

The Comoros is a volcanic archipelago at the mouth of the Mozambique Channel, north of Madagascar, with its capital Moroni on the island of Grande Comore and the official languages Shikomor, French and Arabic. Its economy is small, supported by services, public investment and diaspora transfers, with a currency pegged to the euro, and the issues of imported energy and of a heritage recently inscribed on the World Heritage List stand out.
Read onThe Kingdom has a direct financing presence through the Saudi Fund for Development, and the Comoros also deals with the multilateral institutions of the Islamic Development Bank Group.
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The country at a glance

Landscape on Grande Comore with palms, banana plants and distant hills under a cloudy sky
Landscape on Grande Comore (Ngazidja).Photo: John Crane / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 2.0 · Image resized and cropped

Overview

The country at a glance

Population
882,847 peopleWorld Bank · 2025 · Estimate224
GDP
1.81 US$ bnWorld Bank · 2025 · Estimate224
GDP per capita
2,056 US$World Bank · 2025 · Estimate224
GDP growth
3.8 %World Bank · 2025 · Estimate224
Urban population
33.9 %World Bank · 2025 · Estimate224
Population under 15
36.9 %World Bank · 2025 · Estimate224

Country card

Official name
Comoros
Capital
Moroni
Region
East
Location
Coastal
Official languages according to the Constitution
The official languages according to the 2018 Constitution are Shikomor (the national language), French and Arabic.Data year: 2018133
Capital
Moroni (on the island of Grande Comore), according to the COMESA country profile.3
Location and islands
The Comoros lie at the mouth of the Mozambique Channel, north of Madagascar, and consist of four islands.2
More essential facts — 4 entries
Time zone and dialling code
Time zone GMT+3, telephone code +269 and internet domain .km, according to the ALECSO profile of the Comoros.177
Official languages
French and Arabic, according to the COMESA country profile.5
Area according to the Presidency
A presentation page of the Comoros on the Presidency's website gives an area of 2,236 square kilometres.1
Area according to COMESA
The COMESA country profile states that the country's area is 1,862 square kilometres.4

The axes in brief

  1. People, society and cultureA young society in a relatively crowded volcanic archipelago, where diaspora transfers help finance consumption and private construction, and where the national statistics institute has launched the fifth general population census.
  2. Institutions and national direction
  3. Economy and sectorsA small island economy supported by public investment and diaspora transfers, which imports its fuel, whose currency is pegged to the euro with a French guarantee, and which looks to the blue economy, renewable energy and Islamic finance for new sources of growth. The facts are tied to their sources, and plans and statements are labelled as such.
  4. Saudi Arabia and ComorosA direct Saudi financing presence through the Saudi Fund for Development (a road on Anjouan and, according to Arab News, a water project in Moroni), alongside the dealings of the Comoros with the multilateral institutions of the Islamic Development Bank Group, with occasional political meetings; no trade data are available in the sources consulted.
  5. Media and developmentA small media landscape in which state-owned and private press and a widely watched public channel coexist with heavy circulation of news online, and in which Reporters Without Borders states that intimidation and arrests of journalists are still commonplace.

Geographic context and connectivity

An archipelago of volcanic origin

The Presidency's presentation page states that the four islands did not form at the same time but through a migratory volcanic phenomenon 8 million years ago, from east to west. The COMESA profile describes the country as a volcanic archipelago off Africa's east coast, in the waters of the Mozambique Channel. 98172

Population density

The World Bank's World Development Indicators put the population density at about 457 people per square kilometre of land area in 2023. Estimate205

Urban population share

About 33.9% of the population lives in urban areas in 2025, according to the World Bank's World Development Indicators (a modelled series). Estimate203

Two thirds of the population is rural

The French Treasury describes the Comoros as a small island economy two thirds of whose people live in rural areas. 54

Archipelagic geography

The Comoros lie at the mouth of the Mozambique Channel, north of Madagascar, and consist of four islands. 2

Society

People, society and culture

A young society in a relatively crowded volcanic archipelago, where diaspora transfers help finance consumption and private construction, and where the national statistics institute has launched the fifth general population census.54879398

People & Society

Population

The National Institute of Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED) estimates the population in 2026 at 944,388. Estimate80

Population growth

Annual population growth is 1.9% in 2025 according to the World Bank's World Development Indicators (a modelled series). Estimate199

Fertility and life expectancy

The total fertility rate is 3.8 births per woman and life expectancy at birth is 67 years in 2024, according to the World Bank's World Development Indicators (modelled series). Estimate200204

Age structure

Children under fifteen represent 36.9% of the population and people aged 65 and above 4.5% in 2025, according to the World Bank's World Development Indicators (modelled series). Estimate201202

Adult literacy

The adult literacy rate is 75.6% in 2021 according to the World Bank's World Development Indicators. Estimate206

Previous censuses

INSEED states that since independence the country has carried out four population censuses: in 1980, 1991, 2003 and 2017. 94

Launch of the fifth census

INSEED officially launched the fifth General Population and Housing Census (RGPH05) on 5 June 2026. 93

A digital census

INSEED announces that, for the first time in the Comoros, the census will largely use touch tablets and geospatial technologies instead of pencil and paper, and that about 2,000 enumerators and supervisors are to be trained and deployed in the field. Announced9596

Representation of Comorians abroad

The 2018 Constitution provides that the Assembly of the Union is composed of members elected in the national electoral districts and of those representing the Comorians settled outside the Comoros. 145

Reading: the young population and diaspora connections

The facts above describe a young society in a relatively crowded archipelago, where diaspora transfers help finance consumption and private construction and where poverty reduction has progressed unevenly between islands. This means that education, employment and basic services will be present in any project or partnership, and that the data of the coming census will sharpen the picture of needs. This is an analytical reading, not a fact. Analysis438087202

Independence

Independence Day is 6 July 1975. 7

Culture & Identity

A culture that combines Shikomor, French and Arabic and a Sunni Islam whose place the Constitution defines, with an architectural and oral heritage that has begun to receive international recognition, with six historic medinas on the World Heritage List.103133134147153

Heritage

Six historic medinas on the World Heritage List

According to the Presidency, on 25 July 2026 in Busan, South Korea, the World Heritage Committee inscribed the medinas of Moroni, Itsandra, Ntsoudjini-Ngomé, Iconi-Djabal, Mutsamudu and Domoni on the World Heritage List. The UNESCO World Heritage Centre page lists The Medinas of the Historic Sultanates of the Comoros (2026) as the single inscribed property of the country. 103147219

The first inscription for the Comoros

The Presidency describes the 2026 inscription of the six medinas as the first of its kind for the Comoros. 104

A national ceremony at Iconi

According to the Presidency, the head of state presided over the national ceremony for the inscription of the six medinas on Saturday 29 August 2026 at Bichiyoni square in Iconi. 105

The first nomination dossier

UNESCO records that the Comoros submitted their first World Heritage nomination dossier on 31 January 2025. 149

From inscription to national priority

The Presidency reports that the head of state asked the government to make the medinas a national priority "on a par with the major infrastructure works of the country", and states the aim that the valorisation of the medinas should support tourism, crafts and local activities while creating new opportunities for young people. Announced106107

The Tentative List

The World Heritage Centre page records 12 sites on the Tentative List of the Comoros, that is, properties the State intends to consider for nomination. 148

The royal palace of Ujumbé

UNESCO lists among its activities in the country a project to revive the royal palace of Ujumbé in Mutsamudu. 150

Sultanates and manuscripts

The Presidency states that the settlement of African origin most likely preceded the arrival of the Arabo-Shirazi and the Malagasy, and that written sources survive as manuscripts in Arabic, Swahili or Comorian in Arabic script that allow genealogies to be reconstructed. It adds that the archipelago was organised into sultanates and society divided into more or less rigid classes. 99100101

The zaffa in the traditional wedding

The zaffa in the traditional wedding was inscribed in 2025 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. It is a multinational element for which the UNESCO page lists Djibouti, the Comoros, the United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Jordan, Mauritania and Somalia. 153220

Language, religion and symbols

What the zaffa is

UNESCO describes the zaffa as a traditional bridal procession that marks a couple's transition from single to married life, combining rituals, music, dance and a festive gathering. 154

Official languages

The 2018 Constitution states that the official languages are the Shikomor (Comorian) national language, French and Arabic. This is more than the COMESA profile, which lists only French and Arabic. 5133

Religion in the constitutional framework

The 2018 Constitution states that Islam is the State religion, that the State draws on the Sunni principles and rules of obedience and the Chafi'i rites that govern belief and social life, and that the Mufti of the Republic is the highest religious authority of the State, appointed by decree of the President of the Union. 134135

National identity in the preamble

The preamble of the 2018 Constitution affirms the will of the Comorian people to cultivate a national identity based on a sole people, a sole religion (Sunni Islam) and a sole language. 138

Flag and motto

The 2018 Constitution describes the flag as four horizontal bands of equal width in yellow, white, red and blue from top to bottom, and sets the motto of the Union as "Unity – Solidarity – Development". 139140

Reading: heritage as an economic asset

The facts above combine three threads: languages and an identity defined by the Constitution, an architectural and oral heritage that has begun to receive international recognition, and a declared intention of the State to link this heritage to tourism, crafts and opportunities for young people. Turning recognition into local income depends on protecting and equipping the old towns, as the official statements themselves acknowledge. This is an analytical reading, not a fact. Analysis106107133147

Places

The old Friday Mosque of Moroni

The COMESA profile notes that around the port and medina of the capital Moroni are carved doors and a white colonnaded mosque, the Ancienne Mosquée du Vendredi, recalling the Arab heritage of the islands. 174

Mount Karthala on Grande Comore

The COMESA profile notes that the largest island, Grande Comore (Ngazidja), is ringed by beaches and old lava from the active Mount Karthala volcano. 173

A biosphere reserve

The UNESCO page on the Comoros records a single biosphere reserve in the country, an instrument that fosters harmony between people and nature. 152

Historic medinas on the World Heritage List
Six medinas of the historic sultanates were inscribed on the World Heritage List on 25 July 2026, according to the Presidency.Data year: 2026103
The zaffa in the traditional wedding
The zaffa was inscribed in 2025 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.Data year: 2025153
State religion
Islam is the State religion according to the 2018 Constitution.Data year: 2018134

Institutions

Institutions and national direction

Leadership

The Arab League
The Comoros joined the Arab League on 20 November 1993 according to ALECSO.Data year: 1993175
The legislative elections of 2025
The parliamentary elections of January 2025 renewed the National Assembly for a five-year term according to the World Bank.Data year: 202529
The 2001 constitution and the Union
The biography page on the Presidency's website states that a new constitution adopted in 2001 changed the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros into the Union of the Comoros and granted the islands wide autonomy.Data year: 200112
Head of State
Azali Assoumani, President of the Union according to the Presidency's official website, which refers to him as President in an item dated 1 October 2026.Data year: 20268
Chairmanship of the African Union
The Heads of State and Government of the African Union elected Azali Assoumani as sitting Chair of the Union for 2023, on 18 February 2023 at the opening of the 36th ordinary session of the AU Assembly in Addis Ababa.Data year: 202311
Economic groupings
The investment page on the Presidency's website states that the Comoros belongs to economic zones and zones for the harmonisation of business law (COMESA and OHADA).13

A unitary republic whose presidency of the Union rotates between islands that have administrative autonomy, with membership of the Arab League, the World Trade Organization and UNESCO, and with the question of Mayotte appearing in the Constitution and in the official position attributed to its source.142143146151171175

Form of State and capital

The 2018 Constitution states that the Union of the Comoros is a sovereign, unitary and democratic Republic and that Moroni is its capital, with a law to determine its status. 141142

A presidency that rotates between the islands

The Constitution provides that the presidency of the Union rotates between the islands, each island carrying it through its elected candidate for a mandate of five years renewable once. 143

The Assembly of the Union

The Constitution provides that the Assembly of the Union is the legislative organ of the Union; it votes on the laws, adopts the budget and controls the action of the Government. 144

Administrative autonomy of the islands

The Constitution provides that the islands have juridical personality, free administration and autonomy of management, and that each is led administratively by a Governor and a Consultative Council. 146

The presidential election of January 2024

According to the World Bank country overview, Azali Assoumani was re-elected for a third term as President of the Comoros Union in January 2024 following the first round of the presidential elections. 28

The legislative and municipal elections of 2025

According to the World Bank country overview, the parliamentary elections of January 2025 renewed the National Assembly for a five-year term, and the president's party, the Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros (CRC), secured an absolute majority. The municipal elections of 16 February 2025 were won by the CRC in most constituencies, including the capital, Moroni. 2930

Arab League membership

The profile of the Comoros at the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALECSO) states that the country joined the Arab League on 20 November 1993. 175

UNESCO membership

The UNESCO page states that the Comoros have been a member of the organisation since 1977. 151

Membership of the World Trade Organization

The World Trade Organization states that the Comoros have been a member since 21 August 2024. 171

Mayotte in the constitutional text

The 2018 Constitution lists among the territory of the Union the islands of Mwali (Mohéli), Maoré (Mayotte), Ndzuwani (Anjouan) and Ngazidja (Grande Comore), and its preamble states the will to make the return of the island of Mayotte in its natural whole a national priority. This is a Comorian constitutional text, reported here as attributed to its source. 136137

Mayotte in the head of state's address to the United Nations

In a news item dated 24 September 2026, the Presidency reports that the head of state reaffirmed before the UN General Assembly the constant position of the Union of the Comoros on the territorial integrity of the archipelago, and called for dialogue and fruitful cooperation between the Comoros and France in mutual respect. This is an official Comorian position, reported as attributed to its source. 112113

Mayotte in the Presidency's timeline

The historical timeline on the Presidency's website records the unilateral declaration of independence of the Comoros while Mayotte remained under French administration. This content is reported as attributed to the Presidency. 102

The National Plan for Emerging Comoros, 2020-2030

The World Bank states that its country partnership framework for 2020-2025 is aligned with the National Plan for Emerging Comoros (2020-2030) and focuses on four objectives: building human capital, supporting disaster recovery and resilience, improving the business environment and governance, and enhancing connectivity. Announced50

Acceleration of the plan in 2027-2030

In a news item dated 24 September 2026, the Presidency reports that the head of state presented 2027-2030 as a new stage of acceleration of the Plan Comores Emergent, with the mobilisation of bilateral and multilateral partners and of the private sector. This is a declared official proposition, not an achieved result. Announced114

The Union and the 2001 constitution

The biography page on the Presidency's website states that a new constitution adopted in 2001 changed the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros into the Union of the Comoros and granted the islands wide autonomy. 12

Head of State

The Presidency's official website names Azali Assoumani as President in an item dated 1 October 2026. 8

African Union

The Heads of State and Government of the African Union elected Azali Assoumani as sitting Chair of the Union for 2023, on 18 February 2023. 11

Institutions

Official bodies with their roles and official websites. Listing a body here does not make it a partner of the initiative.

Government and institutions 2

Investment and finance 2

Sectors and regulation 1

Media and statistics 1

Other bodies 5

+2 more

Economy

Economy and sectors

A small island economy supported by public investment and diaspora transfers, which imports its fuel, whose currency is pegged to the euro with a French guarantee, and which looks to the blue economy, renewable energy and Islamic finance for new sources of growth. The facts are tied to their sources, and plans and statements are labelled as such.6387123126192

Go deeper

Macroeconomy and trade

Growth in 2025: provisional national accounts

According to the provisional national accounts of INSEED, GDP grew 3.7% in volume in 2025, after 3.4% in 2024. Estimate83

The size of the economy in 2025

Current GDP reached 781.8 billion Comorian francs in 2025, about 864,000 francs per inhabitant, according to the provisional accounts of INSEED. Estimate84217

Investment and construction in 2025

Investment rose 11.1% in volume in 2025 with major public works and the preparation of the Indian Ocean Island Games, and construction recorded the strongest growth of any branch at 20.4%, according to INSEED. Estimate85218

The final accounts for 2024

GDP in 2024 stood at 726.0 billion Comorian francs at current prices, up 3.4% in volume, according to the final accounts of INSEED. 86

Diaspora transfers as a driver of consumption

INSEED states that the strength of diaspora transfers continues to finance consumption and private construction in 2025, and the French Treasury puts these transfers at 18.1% of GDP in the same year. 7087

The growth estimate for 2026

The World Bank states that economic activity in 2026 has been clouded by the Middle East conflict, with growth estimated at 3.2%. Estimate31

Growth outlook for 2027 and 2028

The World Bank projects that growth will recover to 4% in 2027, supported by tourism from the Indian Ocean Island Games, before moderating to 3.5% in 2028. These are projections, not results. Forecast40

Prices in August 2026

The harmonised consumer price index rose 1.9% in August 2026 against July, and 1.7% year on year, according to INSEED. 8889

Inflation in 2024 and 2025

The French Treasury reports that average annual inflation was 3.2% in 2025, after 5.0% in 2024. 59

The goods trade deficit

The French Treasury reports that over the first three quarters of 2025 the goods trade deficit narrowed to 13.9% of GDP, after 16.0% in 2024. 72

Exports in 2025

The French Treasury reports that exports rose strongly in 2025, supported by exceptional sales of scrap metal, while traditional vanilla and clove exports continued to decline. 73

Imports in the first quarter of 2026

The World Bank states that total imports surged 26.4% year on year in the first quarter of 2026, driven by energy costs and equipment imports. 33

Remittances from January to April 2026

The World Bank states that remittances grew 13.5% in January to April 2026. 32

Reserves in 2026

The World Bank states that reserve coverage strengthened in 2026 to $395 million, equal to 9.4 months of imports. 34

International reserves to September 2025

The French Treasury reports that international reserves reached 7.6 months of imports at end-September 2025, against 7.0 months at end-2024. 71

Public finances in 2026

The World Bank states that trade taxes account for around 60% of domestic revenues, which makes collections vulnerable to trade disruptions, and that Games-related capital spending, higher fuel subsidies and the reversal of the May fuel price increase are widening the deficit in 2026. 3637

The projected fiscal deficit for 2028

The World Bank projects that the fiscal deficit will narrow toward 2.3% of GDP by 2028 as Games-related capital expenditure recedes and revenue mobilization improves. These are projections, not results. Forecast41

Debt sustainability assessment

The World Bank states that the Comoros remain at high risk of debt distress under the joint IMF-World Bank Debt Sustainability Analysis of January 2026. 39

External debt: multilateral creditors

The French Treasury reports that multilateral creditors hold about 53.5% of external debt, led by the World Bank (IDA), followed by the IMF and the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa. 68

Aid and foreign investment

The French Treasury reports, citing the OECD, that net official development assistance, mainly grants, reached USD 197.5 million in 2024, and, citing UNCTAD, that the stock of foreign direct investment was USD 158 million in the same year, around 11% of GDP. 5657

Fiscal transparency: budget execution reports

The Ministry of Finance publishes on its website the budget execution report for the second quarter of 2026 and a statistical bulletin on public debt for the first quarter of 2026. 121122

The World Bank portfolio

The World Bank states that in 2026 it is financing 15 projects in the Comoros totaling $453.72 million, including four regional operations. 51

The labour market according to the informal economy survey

INSEED reports an unemployment rate of 6.5%, based on the informal economy survey of 2022. 81

Reading: the size of the economy and its external connections

The published facts point to an economy growing at a moderate pace thanks to public investment and remittances, which imports its fuel and a large part of its food, relies heavily on trade taxes for revenue, and sits in the high-risk category for debt. Any partner will therefore face high sensitivity to energy and transport prices and to financing terms, and priority goes to projects that lower import costs or earn foreign currency. This is an analytical reading, not a fact. Analysis3639638387

Central Bank

The Central Bank of the Comoros is the monetary and financial authority of the Union, and has the exclusive privilege of issuing legal-tender currency on the territory of the Union. 1718

Franc zone

The franc zone groups 14 sub-Saharan African countries, in addition to the Comoros and France, according to the investment page on the Presidency's website. 14

Investment law

Comorian investment law is governed by Law No. 2007-05/AU, according to the investment page on the Presidency's website. 16

The Government's assessment of its work plans

At a half-year evaluation held at the Beit-Salam Palace on 1 October 2026, the completion rate of the annual work plans for 2026 was 61%, against 56% over the whole of 2025. 10

Sectors

Export crops and subsistence agriculture

The Islamic Development Bank describes an economy dominated by subsistence agriculture, with three export crops, vanilla, clove and ylang-ylang, alongside import-related commerce and government services. 179

The second agricultural census

INSEED publishes the datasets of the second General Agricultural Census (RGA-2) of 2025. 82

Fishing and tourism: sector overview

The Islamic Development Bank considers that fishing and tourism have tremendous potential that is not fully exploited. 180

The blue economy according to the World Bank

The World Bank economic update of 25 June 2025 states that the development of fishing, maritime tourism and marine conservation, combined with investment in infrastructure and environmental protection, is to play a key role in building more sustainable and inclusive growth. 192

Hotels, airport and roads under way

The World Bank states that investment remained robust in 2026, supported by new hotel developments and ongoing airport and road works. 221

Output structure: services and industry

Services account for 48.8% of GDP and industry including construction for 9.9% in 2025, according to the World Bank's World Development Indicators (modelled series). Estimate214215

The informal economy

The French Treasury relays an estimate of the African Development Bank that the informal economy represents about 60% of GDP. 53

An integrated poultry chain

The Ministry of Finance reports the stated aim of an integrated production chain, from feed manufacturing to the industrial processing of poultry, with the Islamic Development Bank, to be followed by projects to process and market cassava, sweet potato and other agricultural products for the Comorian and regional markets. Announced116117

Reading: sectors and value chains

The primary sectors rest on export crops whose traditional exports have been declining and on subsistence farming, while the informal economy is estimated to be very large. Government announcements show the bet shifting to value chains that start from feed and processing and reach regional markets. Feasibility, financing and standards still need field study. This is an analytical reading, not a fact. Analysis5373116179

Energy and infrastructure

The Ouani solar plant on Anjouan

A Presidency news item dated 5 September 2026 reports that a new solar plant at Ouani on Anjouan has an installed capacity of 4.05 megawatts and a storage capacity of 4.1 megawatt-hours, and was built under cooperation between the Comoros, the United Arab Emirates and Global South Utilities. 108109

Diversifying energy sources

The Presidency states that the new facility forms part of efforts to diversify energy sources and gradually reduce dependence on imported hydrocarbons. This is a declared aim, not an achieved result. Announced110

Access to electricity

Access to electricity reaches 91.7% of the population in 2024 according to the World Bank's World Development Indicators (modelled series). Estimate213

Dependence on imported fuel

The French Treasury describes the Comoros as a country that imports all of its fuels and a large share of its food, and reports that supply tensions and stockpiling behaviour led the authorities to ration fuels temporarily in 2026. 6364

The fuel price decision of May 2026

The French Treasury reports that the government announced a sharp increase in fuel prices in May 2026 and abandoned it a few days later because of strong public opposition. 75

Ports, airport and the electricity grid

The French Treasury assesses that degraded infrastructure, notably ports and the electricity grid, and a difficult business climate limit the growth potential of the country, and mentions severance payments to employees of the international airport in the context of its concession in 2025. 7477

Expected port modernisation

The French Treasury expects port infrastructure to be modernised in the coming years with the support of several international donors. This is an expectation, not a completed project. Forecast76

The Mutsamudu-Sima road on Anjouan

The Saudi Fund for Development states in an item of 29 March 2022 that it finances, by a soft loan of approximately USD 17 million, the rehabilitation of the Mutsamudu-Sima road on Anjouan Island, covering a 30 km road between Mutsamudu-Sima and Bogoni-Pembini. 2223

Money, banks and finance

A fixed parity with the euro

The Central Bank publishes indicative exchange rates converted from a fixed rate of 491.96775 Comorian francs to the euro. 123

The monetary cooperation agreement with France

The Central Bank states that monetary cooperation between France and the Comoros is governed by the agreement signed on 23 November 1979. 124

The French Treasury guarantee and the centralisation of reserves

The Central Bank states that the cooperation rests on an unlimited guarantee of the French Treasury, expressed as unlimited convertibility of the currency issued by the Bank, and on the centralisation of the Bank's foreign exchange reserves with the French Treasury, at least 65% of the reserves. 125126

The fixed peg tempers inflation

The French Treasury states that the fixed exchange rate between the euro and the Comorian franc helps moderate inflation. 79

The banking landscape

The Central Bank lists four banks, the Banque de Développement des Comores, AFG Bank Comores, Exim Bank Comores and the Banque Fédérale de Commerce, together with three decentralised financial institutions. 127

The Banque Fédérale de Commerce and its shareholders

The Central Bank states that the Banque Fédérale de Commerce opened in July 2009 and that its capital is mostly held by private investors from the Gulf. 128

AFG Bank Comores

The Central Bank states that in October 2020 the pan-African Atlantic Financial Group acquired the shares held by BNP Paribas in AFG Bank Comores. 129

The development bank in privatisation

The Central Bank states that the Banque de Développement des Comores was created in 1981 and is in a privatisation process through which the State and the Central Bank wish to withdraw from its capital in favour of foreign private investors. 130

Banking sector structure and loan portfolio

The French Treasury reports that three of nine deposit-taking institutions collected 69% of deposits and held more than 73% of assets, and that the non-performing loan ratio was 13.8% at end-October 2025. 6667

Financial system assets

The French Treasury reports that financial system assets were about 38% of GDP at end-October 2025, against 35% at end-2024. 65

Domestic credit growth

The French Treasury reports that domestic credit grew 13.8% in 2025 after 6.8% in 2024, and private-sector credit 9.7% in 2025 after 1.6% in 2024. 58

The policy rate cut of January 2026

The French Treasury reports that in January 2026 the Central Bank reduced its main policy rate from 3% to 2.5%. 60

The reserve requirement of October 2025

The French Treasury reports that the reserve requirement ratio was lowered to 10% in October 2025. 61

The Treasury-bill market

The World Bank states that the government launched a treasury-bill market in 2026 that attracted initial demand, and the Central Bank reports that on 30 September 2026 the Ministry of Finance, in collaboration with it, announced an issuance of Treasury bills through an auction notice. 38131

Banking supervision

The Central Bank states that it is responsible for the control of financial institutions in order to guarantee the stability of the banking sector in the Comoros. 132

Banking sector conditions according to the World Bank

The World Bank economic update of June 2025 states that the banking sector remains fragile, marked by a high rate of unpaid loans and solvency problems that limit access to credit for households and firms. 193

Islamic finance under study

The Ministry of Finance reports that the government is studying the development of Islamic finance, notably microfinance and the creation of an Islamic bank, to support agriculture, agro-industry and entrepreneurs, and that the scheme envisages an Islamic finance line on terms more accessible than the local market to support young people and women in agricultural investment. Announced118120

Housing finance after the Games

The Ministry of Finance reports that the Olympic Village is financed by local banks, with no intervention planned from the Islamic Development Bank, that the government wishes to work with the bank to finance housing for sale and ease home ownership, notably through Islamic leasing, and that the bank is to study the proposal and present financing solutions. Announced119

Financial inclusion of the diaspora

An ANPI news item of 8 August 2024 reports that the opportunities and challenges of the financial inclusion of the diaspora were on the agenda of the exchanges. 222

Investment environment

The National Investment Promotion Agency

The National Investment Promotion Agency states that it was created in 2008, that its main mission is to promote the Comoros as an investment destination and that it links the government with national and international investors. 196

A digital one-stop shop

The agency states that its one-stop shop is available anywhere in the world through digital platforms that simplify company creation. 197

The biennial report 2022-2023

An agency news item of 23 September 2024 carries the headline "Biennial report 2022-2023: more than 10 billion Comorian francs to support businesses". 198

A Tanzanian investor delegation

An agency news item of 31 August 2024 reports that it received a delegation of Tanzanian investors under Tanzania-Comoros economic cooperation. 223

The euro area and East and southern African markets

The investment page on the Presidency's website states that the anchoring of the Comorian franc to the euro offers euro-area countries new investment and trade opportunities by reducing exchange-rate risk, and lists the proximity of the East and southern African market among the assets for investment. 194195

State-owned enterprises and private investment

The World Bank states that state-owned enterprises dominate key sectors, which can constrain market competition and contribute to fiscal pressures, and that private sector investment faces structural constraints, including limited financial intermediation and elevated credit risks. 4445

The employment fair and the "Un jeune, un emploi" mechanism

The Presidency reports that the sixth edition of the Employment Fair of the Comoros opened on 18 August 2026 at the Palais du Peuple, and presents the "Un jeune, un emploi" mechanism launched by the head of state as the practical translation of the priority given to youth employment. 111

Areas worth studying

Area worth studying: the blue economy and fishing

World Bank and Islamic Development Bank sources indicate that fishing, maritime tourism and marine conservation have potential that is not fully used, and the World Bank cites the blue economy among promising employment sectors. This is an area worth studying, not a guaranteed opportunity: it needs data on fish stocks, cold chains, ports and the regulatory framework, and obstacles include weak infrastructure and energy costs. Area worth studying, not a ready-made opportunity5277180192

Area worth studying: renewable energy and the grid

The country imports all of its fuel, has inaugurated a solar plant through cooperation with the United Arab Emirates, and the French Treasury assesses the electricity grid as one of the constraints on growth. This is an area worth studying, not a guaranteed opportunity: it requires knowing the electricity tariff, the rules for independent producers and the capacity of the grid to absorb variable power, and obstacles include a degraded grid and a limited domestic market. Area worth studying, not a ready-made opportunity486377108109

Area worth studying: heritage tourism and the Indian Ocean Island Games

The country is preparing to host the Indian Ocean Island Games, has had its old towns inscribed on the World Heritage List, and the government speaks of linking this to tourism and crafts. This is an area worth studying, not a guaranteed opportunity: it requires understanding hotel capacity, air and sea transport and plans for protecting the old towns, and obstacles include, according to the French Treasury, degraded infrastructure (ports and the electricity grid) and a difficult business climate. Area worth studying, not a ready-made opportunity406277106221

Area worth studying: agricultural and food value chains

The Ministry of Finance speaks of an integrated poultry chain followed by the processing of cassava and sweet potato with the Islamic Development Bank, while traditional exports are declining. This is an area worth studying, not a guaranteed opportunity: it requires defining local and regional demand, standards, cold chains and transport, and obstacles include a limited domestic market and a heavy reliance on imported food. Area worth studying, not a ready-made opportunity486373116117179

Area worth studying: Islamic finance and housing finance

The government is studying Islamic finance, microfinance and the creation of an Islamic bank, and wants to work with the Islamic Development Bank on housing finance through leasing, while the banking sector remains fragile. This is an area worth studying, not a guaranteed opportunity: it requires reviewing the legal framework for Islamic banking, licensing conditions and collateral alternatives, and obstacles include non-performing loans and weak financial intermediation. Area worth studying, not a ready-made opportunity44119120193

Area worth studying: telecommunications and digital services

The communications regulator announces the allocation of 5G frequencies to operators and reports a sector contribution of 7% of GDP, with internet penetration of 28% against more than 90% for mobile, all for 2021. This is an area worth studying, not a guaranteed opportunity: it requires knowing coverage across the islands, connectivity prices and network operators, and obstacles include a limited domestic market and geographic isolation. Area worth studying, not a ready-made opportunity48165166168169

In practice: before the meeting

In practice: the monetary frame before any meeting

Before any meeting on financing or contracts, it is useful for the Saudi side to know that the currency is pegged to the euro at a fixed rate with a French guarantee and that reserves are largely centralised with the French Treasury, which helps explain relative price stability but limits the local monetary policy tools. This is an analytical reading, not a fact. Analysis79123125126

In practice: where the official data are

Recent official data are available from the national statistics institute (national accounts, price figures and the census), the Ministry of Finance (budget execution reports and debt bulletins), the Central Bank (Treasury-bill announcements and exchange rates) and the National Investment Promotion Agency (the one-stop shop). They should be consulted before figures attributed to third parties. This is a practical reading, not a fact. Analysis83121131197

In practice: working languages

The constitutional text provides three official languages, Shikomor, French and Arabic, and official and statistical documents are mostly issued in French. It is useful to prepare materials in French and Arabic together when dealing with government bodies. This is a practical reading, not a fact. Analysis88121133

Sectors and areas for cooperation

Established sectors

  • Agriculture

    Subsistence agriculture dominates, with three export crops, vanilla, clove and ylang-ylang, according to the Islamic Development Bank, and the French Treasury reports a continued decline in traditional vanilla and clove exports.73179

  • Fisheries and the blue economy

    The Islamic Development Bank considers that fishing and tourism have potential that is not fully exploited, and the World Bank considers that fishing, maritime tourism and marine conservation are to play a key role in building more sustainable growth.180192

  • Tourism, hospitality and heritage

    The World Bank states that investment remained robust in 2026, supported by new hotel developments, and the Presidency links the value of the historic towns inscribed on the World Heritage List to support for tourism and crafts.221

  • Energy

    The country relies on fully imported fuel according to the French Treasury, and a new solar plant on Anjouan with a capacity of 4.05 megawatts was inaugurated according to the Presidency.63108

  • Telecommunications and digital services

    Internet penetration is 28% and the sector contributes 7% of GDP in 2021 according to the national ICT regulator.165168

Analysis2

  • Construction and infrastructure

    Estimate

    Construction recorded the strongest growth of any branch at 20.4% in 2025 according to the provisional accounts of INSEED, while investment rose 11.1% in volume with major public works.85218

  • Islamic finance

    Announced

    The government is studying the development of Islamic finance, notably microfinance and the creation of an Islamic bank, according to the Ministry of Finance. This is an announced project, not a completed one.120

Areas worth studying4

Applies to everything in this group: Area worth studying, not a ready-made opportunity.

  • The blue economy and fishing

    The World Bank and the Islamic Development Bank point to potential that is not fully used in fishing, maritime tourism and marine conservation.5277180192

  • Renewable energy and the grid

    The country imports all of its fuel, has inaugurated a solar plant on Anjouan, and the government states an aim of diversifying energy sources.486377108109

  • Agricultural and food value chains

    The government announces an integrated poultry chain followed by the processing of cassava and sweet potato with the Islamic Development Bank, while traditional exports decline.486373116117179

  • Islamic finance and housing finance

    The government is studying Islamic finance and wants to work with the Islamic Development Bank on housing finance through leasing, while the banking sector is fragile.44119120132193

With Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia and Comoros

A direct Saudi financing presence through the Saudi Fund for Development (a road on Anjouan and, according to Arab News, a water project in Moroni), alongside the dealings of the Comoros with the multilateral institutions of the Islamic Development Bank Group, with occasional political meetings; no trade data are available in the sources consulted.22185189216

This section documents announced facts from their official sources, with dates and status, without assessment.

Foundation stone of a water project in Moroni

Arab News, relaying the Saudi Press Agency on 29 October 2022, reported that a Saudi Fund for Development delegation laid the foundation stone for a $5 million water project in Moroni, which will benefit about 83,000 people in 17 villages. This is an item relayed by a media outlet. 185186

Components of the water project

According to the same report, the project aims to establish a water treatment plant, rehabilitate and construct water tanks and build distribution networks in villages. 187

The Comorian president in Madinah

Arab News, relaying the Saudi Press Agency on 25 March 2025, reported that President Azali Assoumani arrived in Madinah and was received by the Governor of the region. 188

A meeting in Havana in September 2023

Arab News reported in September 2023 that the Saudi Foreign Minister and the President of the Comoros held talks on the sidelines of the G77 + China Summit in Havana. 189

Support for the Saudi bid for Expo 2030

Arab News, relaying the Saudi Press Agency on 28 August 2023, reported that the Comorian president affirmed, in a meeting in Moroni with a Saudi Royal Court adviser, his country's full support for Riyadh's bid to host Expo 2030. 190

A meeting in New York in September 2021

Arab News, relaying the Saudi Press Agency on 23 September 2021, reported that the Saudi Foreign Minister met the President of the Comoros on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly in New York and that they discussed bilateral relations. 191

The ITFC financing agreement of 2025

Arab News, relaying the Saudi Press Agency on 11 April 2025, reported that the International Islamic Trade Finance Corporation (ITFC), a member of the Islamic Development Bank Group, signed a €40 million ($45.43 million) Murabaha financing agreement with the Comoros to support its energy sector. The corporation is a multilateral body within the Islamic Development Bank Group, not a bilateral Saudi institution. 181

ITFC cumulative financing since 2008

Arab News states that the International Islamic Trade Finance Corporation has provided the Comoros with over $657 million in total financing since its inception in 2008. 182

A framework agreement in September 2023

Arab News states that the Murabaha deal is part of a broader $330 million framework agreement signed in September 2023. 183

The first agreement with ITFC in 2014

The International Islamic Trade Finance Corporation announced in a release dated 23 September 2014 a revolving facility of $20 million to secure strategic supplies of petroleum products for the Comoros. 184

Joining the Islamic Development Bank

The Islamic Development Bank page states that the Union of Comoros joined the bank on 11 March 1980. 216

Islamic Development Bank projects in the Comoros

The Islamic Development Bank page lists 115 projects in the Comoros, of which 68 completed and 47 active. 178

An Islamic Development Bank delegation at the Ministry of Finance

The Ministry of Finance reported in an item dated 28 September 2026 that it received a delegation of the Islamic Development Bank led by its country director, and discussed with it agricultural value chains and Islamic finance. 115

Saudi Arabia among the bilateral creditors

The French Treasury reports that bilateral creditors account for the remaining 46.5% of external debt, led by China (24% of public external debt), followed by Saudi Arabia (9.2%) and India (7.3%). The page does not state the reference date of these shares. 69

Reading: the channels of the Saudi-Comorian relationship

The documented relationship is spread between a direct bilateral channel, the Saudi Fund for Development (a road and a water project), occasional political meetings relayed by the Saudi Press Agency, multilateral channels through the Islamic Development Bank Group and its trade finance corporation, and a share held by Saudi Arabia among bilateral creditors. Data on trade, private investment, pilgrimage or education are not available in the sources consulted. This is an analytical reading, not a fact. Analysis2269181185188216

Mutsamudu-Sima road

The Saudi Fund for Development financed the rehabilitation of the Mutsamudu-Sima road on the island of Anjouan with a soft loan of approximately USD 17 million, and the foundation stone was laid on 20 March 2022. 22

Financing total as of March 2022

Since 1981 the Saudi Fund for Development has financed four projects in the Comoros through soft loans estimated at more than USD 61 million. 24

Grants

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has provided five grants estimated at more than USD 83 million for the transport, communications, education, health, housing and urban sectors in the Comoros. 25

Section facts and information — 7 entries
A water project in Moroni
A Saudi Fund for Development delegation laid the foundation stone for a $5 million water project in Moroni, according to Arab News relaying the Saudi Press Agency in 2022.Data year: 2022185
Membership of the Islamic Development Bank
The Comoros joined the Islamic Development Bank on 11 March 1980.Data year: 1980216
The ITFC agreement of 2025
The International Islamic Trade Finance Corporation signed a €40 million Murabaha agreement with the Comoros to support energy, according to Arab News relaying the Saudi Press Agency.Data year: 2025181
Mutsamudu–Sima road on Anjouan
The Saudi Fund for Development financed the rehabilitation of the Mutsamudu-Sima road on the island of Anjouan with a soft loan of approximately USD 17 million, and the foundation stone was laid on 20 March 2022.Data year: 202222
Length of the road
The rehabilitation covers a 30-kilometre road linking Mutsamudu-Sima and Bogoni-Pembini.Data year: 202223
Saudi Fund for Development loans in the Comoros
Since 1981 the Saudi Fund for Development has financed four projects in the Comoros through soft loans estimated at more than USD 61 million (as of March 2022).Data year: 202224
Saudi grants
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has provided five grants estimated at more than USD 83 million for the transport, communications, education, health, housing and urban sectors in the Comoros (as of March 2022).Data year: 202225

Milestones

  1. 2025

    2025-04

    The International Islamic Trade Finance Corporation (a multilateral body of the Islamic Development Bank Group) signed a €40 million Murabaha agreement with the Comoros to support energy, according to Arab News relaying the Saudi Press Agency. · Contracted 181

  2. 2025

    2025-03

    The Comorian president arrived in Madinah and was received by the Governor of the region, according to Arab News relaying the Saudi Press Agency. · Unspecified 188

  3. 2023

    2023-09

    A $330 million framework agreement between the International Islamic Trade Finance Corporation (a multilateral body of the Islamic Development Bank Group) and the Comoros was signed in September 2023, according to Arab News. · Contracted 183

Earlier record (6)

  1. 2023

    2023-09

    The Saudi Foreign Minister and the President of the Comoros held talks on the sidelines of the G77 + China Summit in Havana. · Unspecified 189

  2. 2023-08

    In Moroni, in a meeting with a Saudi Royal Court adviser, the Comorian president affirmed his country's support for Riyadh's bid to host Expo 2030. · Unspecified 190

  3. 2022

    2022-10

    A Saudi Fund for Development delegation laid the foundation stone for a $5 million water project in Moroni, according to Arab News relaying the Saudi Press Agency. · Contracted 185

  4. 2022-03

    The Saudi Fund for Development finances, by a soft loan of approximately USD 17 million, the rehabilitation of the 30 km Mutsamudu-Sima road on Anjouan; its delegation laid the foundation stone on 20 March 2022. · Contracted 2223

  5. 2021

    2021-09

    The Saudi Foreign Minister met the President of the Comoros on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly in New York and they discussed bilateral relations. · Unspecified 191

  6. 2014

    2014-09

    The International Islamic Trade Finance Corporation (a multilateral body of the Islamic Development Bank Group) announced a revolving facility of $20 million to secure supplies of petroleum products for the Comoros. · Contracted 184

What we do not know yet

  • The volume of Saudi-Comorian trade and any trade or investment agreements: no official data on them are available in the sources consulted.
  • The completion status of the Mutsamudu-Sima road and the Moroni water project, and their opening dates after the dates of the two items.
  • The cumulative figures of the Kingdom's grants to the Comoros: the Saudi Fund for Development states five grants over $83 million while an item relayed by Arab News gives a lower number and amount; no preference is given here between the two figures.
  • Cooperation on pilgrimage, education, media and defence: no dated official sources on them are available in the sources consulted.

Media and development

Media and development

A small media landscape in which state-owned and private press and a widely watched public channel coexist with heavy circulation of news online, and in which Reporters Without Borders states that intimidation and arrests of journalists are still commonplace.157158159160

Track oneMediaA small media landscape in which state-owned and private press and a widely watched public channel coexist with heavy circulation of news online, and in which Reporters Without Borders states that intimidation and arrests of journalists are still commonplace.Track twoDevelopment

Media and editorial perspectives

Media landscape

Press freedom index 2026

The Comoros rank 72nd out of 180 with a score of 60.23 in the 2026 Reporters Without Borders index. 155

Press freedom index 2025

The Comoros ranked 75th out of 180 with a score of 59.27 in the 2025 Reporters Without Borders index. 156

The main newspapers

Reporters Without Borders states that a privately owned daily and the state-owned newspaper Al Watwan are very popular in the archipelago. 157

Public television

Reporters Without Borders states that ORTC-TV is the only public, freely accessible national TV channel, regarded as pro-government but with a large audience. The broadcaster's own website welcomes visitors to ORTC, the Office de Radio et Télévision des Comores. 158170

News online

Reporters Without Borders states that a great deal of news circulates online, especially on social media where there is greater freedom of expression, which can lead to the publication of content that falls short of journalistic standards. 159

Media economics

Reporters Without Borders states that media outlets struggle to make a profit, which undermines their independence, and that state subsidies go primarily to state-owned media that support the government. 164

Reading: the media landscape and professional practice

The facts describe a small media landscape in which state-owned and private press and a widely watched public channel coexist with heavy circulation of news online. The weak finances of media organisations and continuing judicial and security intimidation reduce the capacity of the profession to be independent, which means that media outreach to local bodies needs several channels, including digital platforms, in French and Arabic. This is an analytical reading, not a fact. Analysis157158159160164

Law and safety of journalists

The safety of journalists

Reporters Without Borders states that intimidation and arrests of journalists are still commonplace in the Union of the Comoros. 160

Legal framework and self-censorship

Reporters Without Borders states that the Constitution guarantees press freedom but self-censorship is widespread among Comorian journalists because of heavy penalties for defamation. 161

The Information Code of 2021

Reporters Without Borders states that a new Information Code was adopted in 2021 and that a journalistic ethics commission was created. 162

Press cards in 2025

Reporters Without Borders states that press cards were issued to journalists for the first time in 2025, a step towards the formalisation of the profession. 163

Connectivity and the internet

Telecommunications indicators for 2021

The ICT regulator (ANRTIC) reports an internet penetration rate of 28%, a mobile penetration rate above 90% and a contribution of the sector to GDP of 7%, all for 2021. 165166168

Electronic communications revenue in 2022

The regulator reports that the electronic communications sector had turnover of 23.451 billion Comorian francs in 2022. 167

5G frequencies

On 27 May 2025 the regulator published an item on the allocation of 5G frequencies to operators in the country, headlined that the ANRTIC opens the way to 5G in the Comoros. 169

Internet users according to the World Bank

The share of individuals using the internet is 32.5% of the population in 2024 according to the World Bank's World Development Indicators (modelled series). Estimate211

Mobile subscriptions

Mobile cellular subscriptions stand at 109.9 per 100 people in 2023 according to the World Bank's World Development Indicators (modelled series). Estimate212

Knowledge and data

National statistical data published

INSEED publishes the datasets of the second General Agricultural Census of 2025, issues the consumer price index and presents on its website the national accounts and the forthcoming census. 828893

Membership of the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization

The page of the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALECSO) states that the Comoros have been a member since 2002. 176

Humanitarian & Development

Topics in this section: Changes in living standards, 2020–2024 · Living standards under the international measure · Living standards projections for 2026354290

Living standards

Changes in living standards, 2020–2024

The national poverty rate fell by 5.2 percentage points, from 51.3% to 46.1%, between the household surveys of 2020 and 2024, according to the analysis of INSEED. 90

Living standards under the international measure

The World Bank states that poverty fell from 25.9% of the population in 2020 to 18% in 2024 at the $4.20 per day line (2021 PPP). The INSEED figure rests on the national poverty line, so the two figures are not directly comparable. 42

Living standards projections for 2026

The World Bank projects that poverty will decline to 16.5% in 2026 at the $4.20 per day line, although inflation is slowing progress. This is a projection, not a result. Forecast35

Development across the islands

The World Bank states that recent progress in poverty reduction has been concentrated on the island of Ngazidja (Grande Comore). 43

The Gini index

The Gini index was 30.3 in 2024 against 34.2 in 2020, according to the INSEED analysis of the household surveys. 91

Prices and the cost of living

INSEED states that cumulative inflation between 2020 and 2024 was 28.1%. 92

Human development

The French Treasury reports that the Comoros ranked 152nd out of 193 on the Human Development Index in 2023. 55

Reading: a map of needs

The published figures show that the national decline in poverty has been achieved, but unevenly between islands and exposed to the cost of living, and that health, education, water and climate disasters remain documented areas of need. These needs are therefore read here as matters requiring study, partners and concessional financing, not as guaranteed investment opportunities. This is an analytical reading, not a fact. Analysis43464790210

Health and water

Child health

Under-5 mortality is 39 per 1,000 live births and infant mortality 35 per 1,000 in 2024 according to the World Bank's World Development Indicators (modelled series). Estimate208209

Basic drinking water

About 85.1% of the population uses at least basic drinking water services in 2024 according to the World Bank's World Development Indicators (modelled series). Estimate210

Education and human capital

Primary school enrolment

The gross primary school enrolment ratio is 97.0% in 2024 according to the World Bank's World Development Indicators. Estimate207

Human capital overview

The World Bank states that access to quality education, healthcare and social protection services is still limited for many. 47

Economic and climate context

Cyclone Kenneth, 2019

The World Bank states that Cyclone Kenneth in 2019 caused damages equivalent to 14% of GDP and affected over 40% of the population. 46

Climate conditions

The French Treasury describes the Comoros as a vulnerable country because of the impact of climate change and natural disasters, particularly cyclones such as Kenneth in 2019. 78

Structural conditions

The World Bank states that the country faces persistent structural challenges shaped by its geographic isolation, limited domestic market size and institutional capacity constraints. 48

Reform priorities according to the World Bank

The World Bank considers that the Comoros would benefit from bold reforms including strengthening governance, enhancing climate resilience, expanding critical infrastructure and boosting agricultural productivity. 49

Census and living standards data for assessing needs

The forthcoming General Population and Housing Census aims to integrate population questions in the planning, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes, notably of the Plan Comores Emergent, according to INSEED. This is a declared aim, not an achieved result. Announced97

Sources

Sources and updates

Sources cited on this page, numbered as they appear next to each item.

Last reviewed: 2026-10-08

This file is written from official and international pages read on 7 and 8 October 2026 (the reading date appears on each source). It was enriched on 8 October 2026 with sections on society, culture, economy, institutions, the relationship with the Kingdom, media and development. It has not yet had a human language review.

The statistical sections rely on the website of the National Institute of Statistics (inseed-comores.org). The section on the relationship with the Kingdom rests on the Saudi Fund for Development item of 29 March 2022, on items relayed from the Saudi Press Agency through Arab News as a secondary mirror, on material of the International Islamic Trade Finance Corporation and the Islamic Development Bank (both multilateral), and on a French Treasury item on the Kingdom's share among bilateral creditors.

The country's area differs between two sources: 2,236 square kilometres on the Presidency's page and 1,862 square kilometres in the COMESA country profile. Both figures are given, each attributed to its source, without preferring either.

The official languages are listed from the text of the 2018 Constitution (Shikomor, French and Arabic), whereas the COMESA profile lists only French and Arabic. The historical timeline on the Presidency's website mentions a referendum on the constitution on 26 August 2000, whereas the biography page of the same site mentions a constitution adopted in 2001; the 2000 date was not adopted.

The headline indicator cards (population, GDP growth and GDP per capita) rest on the World Bank's World Development Indicators series, which differs from the INSEED figures given in the text; each figure is attributed to its source without preferring either.

Source register (224)
  1. 1

    Présidence de l'Union des Comores (beit-salam.km)

    Area per the Presidency — 01 Geography

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Area according to the Presidency

  2. 2

    Présidence de l'Union des Comores (beit-salam.km)

    Location and islands — 01 Geography

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: From within · Archipelagic geography · Location and islands

  3. 3

    COMESA Secretariat (country profile)

    Capital — 01 Glance

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: From within · Capital

  4. 4

    COMESA Secretariat (country profile)

    Area per COMESA — 01 Geography

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Area according to COMESA

  5. 5

    COMESA Secretariat (country profile)

    Official languages — 01 Glance

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Official languages

  6. 6

    COMESA Secretariat (country profile)

    Currency — 04 Money

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Currency

  7. 7

    COMESA Secretariat (country profile)

    Independence day — 02 History

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Independence · Independence Day

  8. 8

    Présidence de l'Union des Comores (beit-salam.km)

    Head of State — 03 Leadership

    Official · Published 2026-10-01 · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Institutional context · Head of State · Presidency of the Union of the Comoros (Beit-Salam)

  9. 9

    Présidence de l'Union des Comores (beit-salam.km)

    Mid-year evaluation of the annual work plans (PTA) 2026 — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-10-01 · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Assessment of the Government's annual work plans

  10. 10

    Présidence de l'Union des Comores (beit-salam.km)

    Target completion rate — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-10-01 · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: The Government's assessment of its work plans · Assessment of the Government's annual work plans

  11. 11

    Présidence de l'Union des Comores (beit-salam.km)

    African Union chair 2023 — 03 Leadership

    Official · Published 2023-02-18 · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Institutional context · Chairmanship of the African Union

  12. 12

    Présidence de l'Union des Comores (beit-salam.km)

    2001 constitution and the Union — 02 Institutions

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Institutional context · The 2001 constitution and the Union

  13. 13

    Présidence de l'Union des Comores (beit-salam.km)

    Regional economic groupings — 02 Institutions

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Economic groupings

  14. 14

    Présidence de l'Union des Comores (beit-salam.km)

    Franc zone — 04 Money

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Franc zone

  15. 15

    Présidence de l'Union des Comores (beit-salam.km)

    Comorian franc anchored to the euro — 04 Money

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Anchoring of the Comorian franc to the euro

  16. 16

    Présidence de l'Union des Comores (beit-salam.km)

    Investment law — 05 Economy

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Investment law

  17. 17

    Banque Centrale des Comores (banque-comores.km)

    Central Bank role — 04 Money

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Central Bank · Central Bank of the Comoros

  18. 18

    Banque Centrale des Comores (banque-comores.km)

    Currency issue privilege — 04 Money

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Central Bank · Currency issuance

  19. 19

    Banque Centrale des Comores (banque-comores.km)

    BCC statutes revised in 2024 — 04 Money

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Central Bank statutes

  20. 20

    Banque Centrale des Comores (banque-comores.km)

    BCC history: seat and branches — 04 Money

    Media · Published 2023-01-19 · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Central Bank headquarters and branches

  21. 21

    Banque Centrale des Comores (banque-comores.km)

    BCC succession — 04 Money

    Media · Published 2023-01-19 · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Origins of the Central Bank

  22. 22

    Saudi Fund for Development (sfd.gov.sa)

    SFD Mutsamudu-Sima road project — 06 Saudi

    Official · Published 2022-03-29 · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: From within · The Mutsamudu-Sima road on Anjouan · The axes in brief: Relations with Saudi Arabia · Reading: the channels of the Saudi-Comorian relationship · Mutsamudu-Sima road · Mutsamudu–Sima road on Anjouan · The Saudi Fund for Development finances, by a soft loan of approximately USD 17 million, the rehabilitation of the 30 km Mutsamudu-Sima road on Anjouan; its delegation laid the foundation stone on 20 March 2022. · Saudi Fund for Development

  23. 23

    Saudi Fund for Development (sfd.gov.sa)

    SFD road length — 06 Saudi

    Official · Published 2022-03-29 · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: The Mutsamudu-Sima road on Anjouan · Length of the road · The Saudi Fund for Development finances, by a soft loan of approximately USD 17 million, the rehabilitation of the 30 km Mutsamudu-Sima road on Anjouan; its delegation laid the foundation stone on 20 March 2022.

  24. 24

    Saudi Fund for Development (sfd.gov.sa)

    SFD cumulative loans in Comoros — 06 Saudi

    Official · Published 2022-03-29 · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Financing total as of March 2022 · Saudi Fund for Development loans in the Comoros · Saudi Fund for Development

  25. 25

    Saudi Fund for Development (sfd.gov.sa)

    Saudi grants to Comoros — 06 Saudi

    Official · Published 2022-03-29 · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Grants · Saudi grants

  26. 26

    Ministère des Finances, du Budget et du Secteur Bancaire (finances.gouv.km)

    Ministry of Finance, Budget and Banking Sector — 02 Institutions

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Ministry of Finance, Budget and Banking Sector

  27. 27

    Agence Nationale pour la Promotion des Investissements (investcomoros.net)

    National Investment Promotion Agency — 02 Institutions

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: National Agency for Investment Promotion (ANPI)

  28. 28

    World Bank (country overview)

    Presidential election January 2024 (World Bank overview) — 03 Leadership

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context

  29. 29

    World Bank (country overview)

    Parliamentary elections January 2025 (World Bank overview) — 03 Leadership

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context · The legislative elections of 2025

  30. 30

    World Bank (country overview)

    Municipal elections 16 February 2025 (World Bank overview) — 03 Leadership

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context

  31. 31

    World Bank (country overview)

    Growth estimate 2026 (World Bank overview) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The growth estimate for 2026

  32. 32

    World Bank (country overview)

    Remittances January-April 2026 (World Bank overview) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Remittances from January to April 2026

  33. 33

    World Bank (country overview)

    Imports first quarter 2026 (World Bank overview) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Imports in the first quarter of 2026

  34. 34

    World Bank (country overview)

    Reserve coverage 2026 (World Bank overview) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Reserves in 2026

  35. 35

    World Bank (country overview)

    Poverty projection 2026 (World Bank overview) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Humanitarian & Development · Living standards projections for 2026

  36. 36

    World Bank (country overview)

    Trade taxes in domestic revenue (World Bank overview) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Public finances in 2026 · Reading: the size of the economy and its external connections

  37. 37

    World Bank (country overview)

    Fiscal pressures 2026 (World Bank overview) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Public finances in 2026

  38. 38

    World Bank (country overview)

    Treasury-bill market launched in 2026 (World Bank overview) — 04 Money

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The Treasury-bill market

  39. 39

    World Bank (country overview)

    Debt distress rating (World Bank overview) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Debt sustainability assessment · Reading: the size of the economy and its external connections

  40. 40

    World Bank (country overview)

    Growth projection 2027 and 2028 (World Bank overview) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Growth outlook for 2027 and 2028 · Area worth studying: heritage tourism and the Indian Ocean Island Games

  41. 41

    World Bank (country overview)

    Fiscal deficit projection 2028 (World Bank overview) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The projected fiscal deficit for 2028

  42. 42

    World Bank (country overview)

    Poverty reduction 2020-2024 (World Bank overview) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Humanitarian & Development · Living standards under the international measure

  43. 43

    World Bank (country overview)

    Uneven poverty reduction (World Bank overview) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Reading: the young population and diaspora connections · Development across the islands · Reading: a map of needs

  44. 44

    World Bank (country overview)

    Private sector constraints (World Bank overview) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: State-owned enterprises and private investment · Area worth studying: Islamic finance and housing finance · Islamic finance and housing finance

  45. 45

    World Bank (country overview)

    State-owned enterprises (World Bank overview) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: State-owned enterprises and private investment

  46. 46

    World Bank (country overview)

    Cyclone Kenneth 2019 (World Bank overview) — 07 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Cyclone Kenneth, 2019 · Reading: a map of needs

  47. 47

    World Bank (country overview)

    Human capital (World Bank overview) — 07 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Human capital overview · Reading: a map of needs

  48. 48

    World Bank (country overview)

    Structural challenges (World Bank overview) — 07 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Area worth studying: renewable energy and the grid · Area worth studying: agricultural and food value chains · Area worth studying: telecommunications and digital services · Structural conditions · Renewable energy and the grid · Agricultural and food value chains

  49. 49

    World Bank (country overview)

    Reform priorities (World Bank overview) — 07 Development

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Reform priorities according to the World Bank

  50. 50

    World Bank (country overview)

    National Plan for Emerging Comoros (World Bank overview) — 03 Leadership

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context

  51. 51

    World Bank (country overview)

    World Bank portfolio (World Bank overview) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The World Bank portfolio

  52. 52

    World Bank (country overview)

    Next country partnership framework (World Bank overview) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Area worth studying: the blue economy and fishing · The blue economy and fishing

  53. 53

    Direction générale du Trésor (French Treasury)

    Informal economy (French Treasury) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The informal economy · Reading: sectors and value chains

  54. 54

    Direction générale du Trésor (French Treasury)

    Rural population share (French Treasury) — 01 Glance

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: People & Society · Two thirds of the population is rural

  55. 55

    Direction générale du Trésor (French Treasury)

    Human Development Index rank (French Treasury) — 07 Development

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Human development

  56. 56

    Direction générale du Trésor (French Treasury)

    Official development assistance (French Treasury) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Aid and foreign investment

  57. 57

    Direction générale du Trésor (French Treasury)

    Foreign direct investment stock (French Treasury) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Aid and foreign investment

  58. 58

    Direction générale du Trésor (French Treasury)

    Domestic credit growth (French Treasury) — 04 Money

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Domestic credit growth

  59. 59

    Direction générale du Trésor (French Treasury)

    Inflation 2025 (French Treasury) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Inflation in 2024 and 2025

  60. 60

    Direction générale du Trésor (French Treasury)

    Policy rate cut January 2026 (French Treasury) — 04 Money

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The policy rate cut of January 2026

  61. 61

    Direction générale du Trésor (French Treasury)

    Reserve requirement October 2025 (French Treasury) — 04 Money

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The reserve requirement of October 2025

  62. 62

    Direction générale du Trésor (French Treasury)

    Indian Ocean Island Games 2027 (French Treasury) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Area worth studying: heritage tourism and the Indian Ocean Island Games

  63. 63

    Direction générale du Trésor (French Treasury)

    Fuel import dependence (French Treasury) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: From within · The axes in brief: Economy & Investment · Reading: the size of the economy and its external connections · Dependence on imported fuel · Area worth studying: renewable energy and the grid · Area worth studying: agricultural and food value chains · Energy · Renewable energy and the grid · Agricultural and food value chains

  64. 64

    Direction générale du Trésor (French Treasury)

    Fuel rationing 2026 (French Treasury) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Dependence on imported fuel

  65. 65

    Direction générale du Trésor (French Treasury)

    Financial system assets (French Treasury) — 04 Money

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Financial system assets

  66. 66

    Direction générale du Trésor (French Treasury)

    Banking concentration (French Treasury) — 04 Money

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Banking sector structure and loan portfolio

  67. 67

    Direction générale du Trésor (French Treasury)

    Non-performing loans (French Treasury) — 04 Money

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Banking sector structure and loan portfolio

  68. 68

    Direction générale du Trésor (French Treasury)

    Multilateral share of external debt (French Treasury) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: External debt: multilateral creditors

  69. 69

    Direction générale du Trésor (French Treasury)

    Bilateral creditors (French Treasury) — 06 Saudi

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Saudi Arabia among the bilateral creditors · Reading: the channels of the Saudi-Comorian relationship

  70. 70

    Direction générale du Trésor (French Treasury)

    Diaspora transfers 2025 (French Treasury) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Diaspora transfers as a driver of consumption

  71. 71

    Direction générale du Trésor (French Treasury)

    International reserves 2025 (French Treasury) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: International reserves to September 2025

  72. 72

    Direction générale du Trésor (French Treasury)

    Goods trade deficit 2025 (French Treasury) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The goods trade deficit

  73. 73

    Direction générale du Trésor (French Treasury)

    Exports 2025 (French Treasury) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Exports in 2025 · Reading: sectors and value chains · Area worth studying: agricultural and food value chains · Agriculture · Agricultural and food value chains

  74. 74

    Direction générale du Trésor (French Treasury)

    Airport concession (French Treasury) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Ports, airport and the electricity grid

  75. 75

    Direction générale du Trésor (French Treasury)

    Fuel price decision May 2026 (French Treasury) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The fuel price decision of May 2026

  76. 76

    Direction générale du Trésor (French Treasury)

    Port modernisation (French Treasury) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Expected port modernisation

  77. 77

    Direction générale du Trésor (French Treasury)

    Infrastructure constraints (French Treasury) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Ports, airport and the electricity grid · Area worth studying: the blue economy and fishing · Area worth studying: renewable energy and the grid · Area worth studying: heritage tourism and the Indian Ocean Island Games · The blue economy and fishing · Renewable energy and the grid

  78. 78

    Direction générale du Trésor (French Treasury)

    Climate vulnerability (French Treasury) — 07 Development

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Climate conditions

  79. 79

    Direction générale du Trésor (French Treasury)

    Euro peg and inflation (French Treasury) — 04 Money

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The fixed peg tempers inflation · In practice: the monetary frame before any meeting

  80. 80

    National Institute of Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED)

    Population estimate 2026 (INSEED) — 01 Glance

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Population · Reading: the young population and diaspora connections

  81. 81

    National Institute of Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED)

    Unemployment rate (INSEED) — 05 Economy

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The labour market according to the informal economy survey

  82. 82

    National Institute of Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED)

    Agricultural census (INSEED) — 05 Economy

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The second agricultural census · National statistical data published

  83. 83

    National Institute of Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED)

    GDP growth 2025 provisional (INSEED) — 05 Economy

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Growth in 2025: provisional national accounts · Reading: the size of the economy and its external connections · In practice: where the official data are · GDP growth 2025

  84. 84

    National Institute of Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED)

    Current GDP 2025 provisional (INSEED) — 05 Economy

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The size of the economy in 2025

  85. 85

    National Institute of Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED)

    Investment growth 2025 (INSEED) — 05 Economy

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Investment and construction in 2025 · Construction and infrastructure

  86. 86

    National Institute of Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED)

    GDP 2024 final accounts (INSEED) — 05 Economy

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The final accounts for 2024

  87. 87

    National Institute of Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED)

    External factors 2025 (INSEED) — 05 Economy

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: People & Society · Reading: the young population and diaspora connections · The axes in brief: Economy & Investment · Diaspora transfers as a driver of consumption · Reading: the size of the economy and its external connections

  88. 88

    National Institute of Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED)

    Consumer prices August 2026 (INSEED) — 05 Economy

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Prices in August 2026 · In practice: working languages · National statistical data published · National Institute of Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED)

  89. 89

    National Institute of Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED)

    Consumer prices year on year August 2026 (INSEED) — 05 Economy

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Prices in August 2026

  90. 90

    National Institute of Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED)

    National poverty rate 2020-2024 (INSEED EHCVM) — 07 Development

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Humanitarian & Development · Changes in living standards, 2020–2024 · Reading: a map of needs · National poverty

  91. 91

    National Institute of Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED)

    Gini index (INSEED EHCVM) — 07 Development

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The Gini index

  92. 92

    National Institute of Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED)

    Cumulative inflation 2020-2024 (INSEED) — 07 Development

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Prices and the cost of living

  93. 93

    National Institute of Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED)

    Fifth census launched 5 June 2026 (INSEED) — 02 History

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: People & Society · Launch of the fifth census · National statistical data published · National Institute of Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED)

  94. 94

    National Institute of Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED)

    Past censuses (INSEED) — 02 History

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Previous censuses

  95. 95

    National Institute of Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED)

    Digital census method (INSEED) — 02 History

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: A digital census

  96. 96

    National Institute of Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED)

    Census field staff (INSEED) — 02 History

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: A digital census

  97. 97

    National Institute of Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED)

    Census purpose (INSEED) — 02 History

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Census and living standards data for assessing needs

  98. 98

    Presidency of the Union of the Comoros (Beit-Salam)

    Volcanic origin of the islands (Presidency) — 01 Geography

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: People & Society · An archipelago of volcanic origin

  99. 99

    Presidency of the Union of the Comoros (Beit-Salam)

    Peopling of the islands (Presidency) — 02 History

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Sultanates and manuscripts

  100. 100

    Presidency of the Union of the Comoros (Beit-Salam)

    Written sources (Presidency) — 02 History

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Sultanates and manuscripts

  101. 101

    Presidency of the Union of the Comoros (Beit-Salam)

    Sultanates and social classes (Presidency) — 02 History

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Sultanates and manuscripts

  102. 102

    Presidency of the Union of the Comoros (Beit-Salam)

    Mayotte in the Presidency timeline — 02 History

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context

  103. 103

    Presidency of the Union of the Comoros (Beit-Salam)

    Six medinas inscribed on the World Heritage List (Presidency) — 08 Culture

    Official · Published 2026-08-29 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: From within · The axes in brief: Culture & Identity · Six historic medinas on the World Heritage List · Historic medinas on the World Heritage List

  104. 104

    Presidency of the Union of the Comoros (Beit-Salam)

    First World Heritage inscription (Presidency) — 08 Culture

    Official · Published 2026-08-29 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The first inscription for the Comoros

  105. 105

    Presidency of the Union of the Comoros (Beit-Salam)

    National ceremony at Iconi (Presidency) — 08 Culture

    Official · Published 2026-08-29 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: A national ceremony at Iconi

  106. 106

    Presidency of the Union of the Comoros (Beit-Salam)

    Valorisation of the medinas (Presidency) — 08 Culture

    Official · Published 2026-08-29 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: From inscription to national priority · Reading: heritage as an economic asset · Area worth studying: heritage tourism and the Indian Ocean Island Games

  107. 107

    Presidency of the Union of the Comoros (Beit-Salam)

    National priority for heritage (Presidency) — 08 Culture

    Official · Published 2026-08-29 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: From inscription to national priority · Reading: heritage as an economic asset

  108. 108

    Presidency of the Union of the Comoros (Beit-Salam)

    Ouani solar plant (Presidency) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-05 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The Ouani solar plant on Anjouan · Area worth studying: renewable energy and the grid · Energy · Renewable energy and the grid

  109. 109

    Presidency of the Union of the Comoros (Beit-Salam)

    Ouani solar plant cooperation (Presidency) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-05 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The Ouani solar plant on Anjouan · Area worth studying: renewable energy and the grid · Renewable energy and the grid

  110. 110

    Presidency of the Union of the Comoros (Beit-Salam)

    Energy diversification aim (Presidency) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-05 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Diversifying energy sources

  111. 111

    Presidency of the Union of the Comoros (Beit-Salam)

    Employment fair August 2026 (Presidency) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-08-18 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The employment fair and the "Un jeune, un emploi" mechanism

  112. 112

    Presidency of the Union of the Comoros (Beit-Salam)

    Mayotte position at the UN General Assembly (Presidency) — 02 Institutions

    Official · Published 2026-09-24 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context

  113. 113

    Presidency of the Union of the Comoros (Beit-Salam)

    Dialogue with France (Presidency) — 02 Institutions

    Official · Published 2026-09-24 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context

  114. 114

    Presidency of the Union of the Comoros (Beit-Salam)

    Plan Comores Emergent 2027-2030 (Presidency) — 02 Institutions

    Official · Published 2026-09-24 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context

  115. 115

    Ministry of Finance, Budget and Banking Sector of the Union of the Comoros

    Islamic Development Bank delegation (Ministry of Finance) — 06 Saudi

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: An Islamic Development Bank delegation at the Ministry of Finance

  116. 116

    Ministry of Finance, Budget and Banking Sector of the Union of the Comoros

    Integrated poultry value chain (Ministry of Finance) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: An integrated poultry chain · Reading: sectors and value chains · Area worth studying: agricultural and food value chains · Agricultural and food value chains

  117. 117

    Ministry of Finance, Budget and Banking Sector of the Union of the Comoros

    Cassava and sweet potato project (Ministry of Finance) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: An integrated poultry chain · Area worth studying: agricultural and food value chains · Agricultural and food value chains

  118. 118

    Ministry of Finance, Budget and Banking Sector of the Union of the Comoros

    Islamic finance line for youth and women (Ministry of Finance) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Islamic finance under study

  119. 119

    Ministry of Finance, Budget and Banking Sector of the Union of the Comoros

    Housing finance after the Games (Ministry of Finance) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Housing finance after the Games · Area worth studying: Islamic finance and housing finance · Islamic finance and housing finance

  120. 120

    Ministry of Finance, Budget and Banking Sector of the Union of the Comoros

    Islamic finance under study (Ministry of Finance) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-09-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Islamic finance under study · Area worth studying: Islamic finance and housing finance · Islamic finance · Islamic finance and housing finance

  121. 121

    Ministry of Finance, Budget and Banking Sector of the Union of the Comoros

    Budget execution report published (Ministry of Finance) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-10-05 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Fiscal transparency: budget execution reports · In practice: where the official data are · In practice: working languages

  122. 122

    Ministry of Finance, Budget and Banking Sector of the Union of the Comoros

    Public debt statistical bulletin (Ministry of Finance) — 05 Economy

    Official · Published 2026-08-19 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Fiscal transparency: budget execution reports

  123. 123

    Central Bank of the Comoros (BCC)

    Fixed euro parity (BCC) — 04 Money

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Economy & Investment · A fixed parity with the euro · In practice: the monetary frame before any meeting · A fixed exchange rate

  124. 124

    Central Bank of the Comoros (BCC)

    Monetary cooperation agreement with France (BCC) — 04 Money

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The monetary cooperation agreement with France

  125. 125

    Central Bank of the Comoros (BCC)

    Centralisation of reserves at the French Treasury (BCC) — 04 Money

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The French Treasury guarantee and the centralisation of reserves · In practice: the monetary frame before any meeting

  126. 126

    Central Bank of the Comoros (BCC)

    Unlimited convertibility guarantee (BCC) — 04 Money

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Economy & Investment · The French Treasury guarantee and the centralisation of reserves · In practice: the monetary frame before any meeting

  127. 127

    Central Bank of the Comoros (BCC)

    Banking landscape (BCC) — 04 Money

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The banking landscape

  128. 128

    Central Bank of the Comoros (BCC)

    Banque Fédérale de Commerce ownership (BCC) — 04 Money

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The Banque Fédérale de Commerce and its shareholders

  129. 129

    Central Bank of the Comoros (BCC)

    AFG Bank Comores (BCC) — 04 Money

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: AFG Bank Comores

  130. 130

    Central Bank of the Comoros (BCC)

    Banque de Développement des Comores (BCC) — 04 Money

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The development bank in privatisation

  131. 131

    Central Bank of the Comoros (BCC)

    Treasury-bill auction notice (BCC) — 04 Money

    Official · Published 2026-09-30 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The Treasury-bill market · In practice: where the official data are

  132. 132

    Central Bank of the Comoros (BCC)

    Banking supervision (BCC) — 04 Money

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Banking supervision · Islamic finance and housing finance

  133. 133

    Constitution of the Union of the Comoros (2018), text published by the Comparative Constitutions Project (Constitute)

    Official languages (2018 Constitution) — 01 Glance

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: From within · The axes in brief: Culture & Identity · Official languages · Reading: heritage as an economic asset · In practice: working languages · Official languages according to the Constitution

  134. 134

    Constitution of the Union of the Comoros (2018), text published by the Comparative Constitutions Project (Constitute)

    State religion (2018 Constitution) — 02 Institutions

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Culture & Identity · Religion in the constitutional framework · State religion

  135. 135

    Constitution of the Union of the Comoros (2018), text published by the Comparative Constitutions Project (Constitute)

    Mufti of the Republic (2018 Constitution) — 02 Institutions

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Religion in the constitutional framework

  136. 136

    Constitution of the Union of the Comoros (2018), text published by the Comparative Constitutions Project (Constitute)

    Territory of the Union (2018 Constitution) — 01 Geography

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context

  137. 137

    Constitution of the Union of the Comoros (2018), text published by the Comparative Constitutions Project (Constitute)

    Return of Mayotte (2018 Constitution preamble) — 02 Institutions

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context

  138. 138

    Constitution of the Union of the Comoros (2018), text published by the Comparative Constitutions Project (Constitute)

    National identity (2018 Constitution preamble) — 08 Culture

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: National identity in the preamble

  139. 139

    Constitution of the Union of the Comoros (2018), text published by the Comparative Constitutions Project (Constitute)

    National flag (2018 Constitution) — 08 Culture

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Flag and motto

  140. 140

    Constitution of the Union of the Comoros (2018), text published by the Comparative Constitutions Project (Constitute)

    National motto (2018 Constitution) — 08 Culture

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Flag and motto

  141. 141

    Constitution of the Union of the Comoros (2018), text published by the Comparative Constitutions Project (Constitute)

    Capital (2018 Constitution) — 01 Glance

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context

  142. 142

    Constitution of the Union of the Comoros (2018), text published by the Comparative Constitutions Project (Constitute)

    Form of State (2018 Constitution) — 02 Institutions

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Institutional context · Institutional context

  143. 143

    Constitution of the Union of the Comoros (2018), text published by the Comparative Constitutions Project (Constitute)

    Presidency rotation (2018 Constitution) — 02 Institutions

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Institutional context · Institutional context

  144. 144

    Constitution of the Union of the Comoros (2018), text published by the Comparative Constitutions Project (Constitute)

    Assembly of the Union (2018 Constitution) — 02 Institutions

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Institutional context

  145. 145

    Constitution of the Union of the Comoros (2018), text published by the Comparative Constitutions Project (Constitute)

    Representation of the diaspora (2018 Constitution) — 03 Society

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Representation of Comorians abroad

  146. 146

    Constitution of the Union of the Comoros (2018), text published by the Comparative Constitutions Project (Constitute)

    Autonomy of the islands (2018 Constitution) — 02 Institutions

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Institutional context · Institutional context

  147. 147

    UNESCO

    Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List (UNESCO) — 08 Culture

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Culture & Identity · Six historic medinas on the World Heritage List · Reading: heritage as an economic asset · UNESCO

  148. 148

    UNESCO

    Tentative List (UNESCO) — 08 Culture

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The Tentative List

  149. 149

    UNESCO

    First nomination dossier (UNESCO) — 08 Culture

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The first nomination dossier

  150. 150

    UNESCO

    Palais royal de l'Ujumbé (UNESCO) — 08 Culture

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The royal palace of Ujumbé

  151. 151

    UNESCO

    UNESCO membership — 02 Institutions

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Institutional context · Institutional context · UNESCO

  152. 152

    UNESCO

    Biosphere reserve (UNESCO country profile) — 08 Culture

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: A biosphere reserve

  153. 153

    UNESCO

    The zaffa in the traditional wedding (UNESCO) — 08 Culture

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Culture & Identity · The zaffa in the traditional wedding

  154. 154

    UNESCO

    Description of the zaffa (UNESCO) — 08 Culture

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: What the zaffa is

  155. 155

    Reporters Without Borders (RSF)

    RSF World Press Freedom Index 2026 — 09 Media

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Press freedom index 2026

  156. 156

    Reporters Without Borders (RSF)

    RSF World Press Freedom Index 2025 — 09 Media

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Press freedom index 2025

  157. 157

    Reporters Without Borders (RSF)

    Press landscape (RSF) — 09 Media

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Media & Stories · The main newspapers · Reading: the media landscape and professional practice

  158. 158

    Reporters Without Borders (RSF)

    Public television (RSF) — 09 Media

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Media & Stories · Public television · Reading: the media landscape and professional practice · Office de Radio et Télévision des Comores (ORTC)

  159. 159

    Reporters Without Borders (RSF)

    Online news (RSF) — 09 Media

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Media & Stories · News online · Reading: the media landscape and professional practice

  160. 160

    Reporters Without Borders (RSF)

    Safety of journalists (RSF) — 09 Media

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Media & Stories · The safety of journalists · Reading: the media landscape and professional practice

  161. 161

    Reporters Without Borders (RSF)

    Legal framework (RSF) — 09 Media

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Legal framework and self-censorship

  162. 162

    Reporters Without Borders (RSF)

    Information Code (RSF) — 09 Media

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The Information Code of 2021

  163. 163

    Reporters Without Borders (RSF)

    Press cards 2025 (RSF) — 09 Media

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Press cards in 2025

  164. 164

    Reporters Without Borders (RSF)

    Media economics (RSF) — 09 Media

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Media economics · Reading: the media landscape and professional practice

  165. 165

    National ICT Regulatory Authority (ANRTIC)

    Internet penetration (ANRTIC) — 09 Media

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Area worth studying: telecommunications and digital services · Telecommunications indicators for 2021 · National ICT Regulatory Authority (ANRTIC) · Telecommunications and digital services

  166. 166

    National ICT Regulatory Authority (ANRTIC)

    Mobile penetration (ANRTIC) — 09 Media

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Area worth studying: telecommunications and digital services · Telecommunications indicators for 2021

  167. 167

    National ICT Regulatory Authority (ANRTIC)

    Electronic communications revenue (ANRTIC) — 09 Media

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Electronic communications revenue in 2022

  168. 168

    National ICT Regulatory Authority (ANRTIC)

    ICT contribution to GDP (ANRTIC) — 09 Media

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Area worth studying: telecommunications and digital services · Telecommunications indicators for 2021 · Telecommunications and digital services

  169. 169

    National ICT Regulatory Authority (ANRTIC)

    5G frequencies (ANRTIC) — 09 Media

    Media · Published 2025-05-27 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Area worth studying: telecommunications and digital services · 5G frequencies · National ICT Regulatory Authority (ANRTIC)

  170. 170

    Office de Radio et Télévision des Comores (ORTC)

    ORTC public broadcaster — 09 Media

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Public television · Office de Radio et Télévision des Comores (ORTC)

  171. 171

    World Trade Organization (WTO)

    WTO membership — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Institutional context · Institutional context · The World Trade Organization

  172. 172

    COMESA

    Volcanic archipelago (COMESA) — 01 Geography

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: An archipelago of volcanic origin · Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)

  173. 173

    COMESA

    Karthala volcano (COMESA) — 01 Geography

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Mount Karthala on Grande Comore · Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)

  174. 174

    COMESA

    Friday Mosque of Moroni (COMESA) — 08 Culture

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The old Friday Mosque of Moroni

  175. 175

    Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALECSO)

    Arab League membership (ALECSO) — 02 Institutions

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Institutional context · Institutional context · The Arab League

  176. 176

    Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALECSO)

    ALECSO membership — 02 Institutions

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Membership of the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization

  177. 177

    Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALECSO)

    Time zone and dialling code (ALECSO) — 01 Glance

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Time zone and dialling code

  178. 178

    Islamic Development Bank (IsDB)

    IsDB projects in the Comoros — 06 Saudi

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Islamic Development Bank projects in the Comoros · Islamic Development Bank

  179. 179

    Islamic Development Bank (IsDB)

    Export crops (IsDB country page) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Export crops and subsistence agriculture · Reading: sectors and value chains · Area worth studying: agricultural and food value chains · Agriculture · Agricultural and food value chains

  180. 180

    Islamic Development Bank (IsDB)

    Fishing and tourism potential (IsDB country page) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Fishing and tourism: sector overview · Area worth studying: the blue economy and fishing · Fisheries and the blue economy · The blue economy and fishing

  181. 181

    Arab News (relaying the Saudi Press Agency)

    ITFC Murabaha agreement April 2025 (Arab News) — 06 Saudi

    Media · Published 2025-04-11 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The ITFC financing agreement of 2025 · Reading: the channels of the Saudi-Comorian relationship · The ITFC agreement of 2025 · The International Islamic Trade Finance Corporation (a multilateral body of the Islamic Development Bank Group) signed a €40 million Murabaha agreement with the Comoros to support energy, according to Arab News relaying the Saudi Press Agency.

  182. 182

    Arab News (relaying the Saudi Press Agency)

    ITFC cumulative financing (Arab News) — 06 Saudi

    Media · Published 2025-04-11 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: ITFC cumulative financing since 2008

  183. 183

    Arab News (relaying the Saudi Press Agency)

    ITFC framework agreement (Arab News) — 06 Saudi

    Media · Published 2025-04-11 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: A framework agreement in September 2023 · A $330 million framework agreement between the International Islamic Trade Finance Corporation (a multilateral body of the Islamic Development Bank Group) and the Comoros was signed in September 2023, according to Arab News.

  184. 184

    International Islamic Trade Finance Corporation (ITFC), press release distributed by Newswire

    First ITFC agreement 2014 (press release) — 06 Saudi

    International · Published 2014-09-23 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The first agreement with ITFC in 2014 · The International Islamic Trade Finance Corporation (a multilateral body of the Islamic Development Bank Group) announced a revolving facility of $20 million to secure supplies of petroleum products for the Comoros.

  185. 185

    Arab News (relaying the Saudi Press Agency)

    SFD water project Moroni (Arab News) — 06 Saudi

    Media · Published 2022-10-29 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Relations with Saudi Arabia · Foundation stone of a water project in Moroni · Reading: the channels of the Saudi-Comorian relationship · A water project in Moroni · A Saudi Fund for Development delegation laid the foundation stone for a $5 million water project in Moroni, according to Arab News relaying the Saudi Press Agency.

  186. 186

    Arab News (relaying the Saudi Press Agency)

    SFD water project beneficiaries (Arab News) — 06 Saudi

    Media · Published 2022-10-29 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Foundation stone of a water project in Moroni

  187. 187

    Arab News (relaying the Saudi Press Agency)

    SFD water project components (Arab News) — 06 Saudi

    Media · Published 2022-10-29 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Components of the water project

  188. 188

    Arab News (relaying the Saudi Press Agency)

    Comoros president in Madinah (Arab News) — 06 Saudi

    Media · Published 2025-03-25 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The Comorian president in Madinah · Reading: the channels of the Saudi-Comorian relationship · The Comorian president arrived in Madinah and was received by the Governor of the region, according to Arab News relaying the Saudi Press Agency.

  189. 189

    Arab News (relaying the Saudi Press Agency)

    Saudi foreign minister meets Comoros president, Havana (Arab News) — 06 Saudi

    Media · Published 2023-09-16 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Relations with Saudi Arabia · A meeting in Havana in September 2023 · The Saudi Foreign Minister and the President of the Comoros held talks on the sidelines of the G77 + China Summit in Havana.

  190. 190

    Arab News (relaying the Saudi Press Agency)

    Comoros support for Expo 2030 (Arab News) — 06 Saudi

    Media · Published 2023-08-28 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Support for the Saudi bid for Expo 2030 · In Moroni, in a meeting with a Saudi Royal Court adviser, the Comorian president affirmed his country's support for Riyadh's bid to host Expo 2030.

  191. 191

    Arab News (relaying the Saudi Press Agency)

    Saudi foreign minister meets Comoros president, New York (Arab News) — 06 Saudi

    Media · Published 2021-09-23 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: A meeting in New York in September 2021 · The Saudi Foreign Minister met the President of the Comoros on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly in New York and they discussed bilateral relations.

  192. 192

    World Bank (Comoros economic update)

    Blue economy (World Bank economic update, June 2025) — 05 Economy

    International · Published 2025-06-25 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The axes in brief: Economy & Investment · The blue economy according to the World Bank · Area worth studying: the blue economy and fishing · Fisheries and the blue economy · The blue economy and fishing

  193. 193

    World Bank (Comoros economic update)

    Banking sector fragility (World Bank economic update, June 2025) — 05 Economy

    International · Published 2025-06-25 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Banking sector conditions according to the World Bank · Area worth studying: Islamic finance and housing finance · Islamic finance and housing finance

  194. 194

    Presidency of the Union of the Comoros (Beit-Salam)

    Euro anchor and trade with the euro area (Presidency) — 05 Economy

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The euro area and East and southern African markets

  195. 195

    Presidency of the Union of the Comoros (Beit-Salam)

    Proximity to regional markets (Presidency) — 05 Economy

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The euro area and East and southern African markets

  196. 196

    National Investment Promotion Agency (ANPI)

    ANPI creation and role — 05 Economy

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The National Investment Promotion Agency

  197. 197

    National Investment Promotion Agency (ANPI)

    ANPI one-stop shop — 05 Economy

    Media · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: A digital one-stop shop · In practice: where the official data are

  198. 198

    National Investment Promotion Agency (ANPI)

    ANPI biennial report 2022-2023 — 05 Economy

    Media · Published 2024-09-23 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The biennial report 2022-2023

  199. 199

    World Bank, World Development Indicators

    Population growth (World Bank WDI, SP.POP.GROW) — 03 Society

    International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Population growth

  200. 200

    World Bank, World Development Indicators

    Total fertility rate (World Bank WDI, SP.DYN.TFRT.IN) — 03 Society

    International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Fertility and life expectancy

  201. 201

    World Bank, World Development Indicators

    Population aged 65 and above (World Bank WDI, SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS) — 03 Society

    International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Age structure

  202. 202

    World Bank, World Development Indicators

    Population aged 0-14 (World Bank WDI, SP.POP.0014.TO.ZS) — 03 Society

    International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Age structure · Reading: the young population and diaspora connections · Children under fifteen

  203. 203

    World Bank, World Development Indicators

    Urban population (World Bank WDI, SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS) — 03 Society

    International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Urban population share

  204. 204

    World Bank, World Development Indicators

    Life expectancy at birth (World Bank WDI, SP.DYN.LE00.IN) — 03 Society

    International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Fertility and life expectancy · Life expectancy

  205. 205

    World Bank, World Development Indicators

    Population density (World Bank WDI, EN.POP.DNST) — 03 Society

    International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Population density

  206. 206

    World Bank, World Development Indicators

    Adult literacy rate (World Bank WDI, SE.ADT.LITR.ZS) — 03 Society

    International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Adult literacy

  207. 207

    World Bank, World Development Indicators

    Gross primary school enrolment (World Bank WDI, SE.PRM.ENRR) — 03 Society

    International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Primary school enrolment

  208. 208

    World Bank, World Development Indicators

    Under-5 mortality rate (World Bank WDI, SH.DYN.MORT) — 03 Society

    International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Child health

  209. 209

    World Bank, World Development Indicators

    Infant mortality rate (World Bank WDI, SP.DYN.IMRT.IN) — 03 Society

    International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Child health

  210. 210

    World Bank, World Development Indicators

    Basic drinking water services (World Bank WDI, SH.H2O.BASW.ZS) — 03 Society

    International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Basic drinking water · Reading: a map of needs

  211. 211

    World Bank, World Development Indicators

    Individuals using the internet (World Bank WDI, IT.NET.USER.ZS) — 05 Economy

    International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Internet users according to the World Bank · Internet users

  212. 212

    World Bank, World Development Indicators

    Mobile cellular subscriptions (World Bank WDI, IT.CEL.SETS.P2) — 05 Economy

    International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Mobile subscriptions

  213. 213

    World Bank, World Development Indicators

    Access to electricity (World Bank WDI, EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS) — 05 Economy

    International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Access to electricity

  214. 214

    World Bank, World Development Indicators

    Services, value added (World Bank WDI, NV.SRV.TOTL.ZS) — 05 Economy

    International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Output structure: services and industry

  215. 215

    World Bank, World Development Indicators

    Industry including construction, value added (World Bank WDI, NV.IND.TOTL.ZS) — 05 Economy

    International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Output structure: services and industry

  216. 216

    Islamic Development Bank (IsDB)

    Membership of the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB) — 06 Saudi

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: From within · The axes in brief: Relations with Saudi Arabia · Joining the Islamic Development Bank · Reading: the channels of the Saudi-Comorian relationship · Membership of the Islamic Development Bank · Islamic Development Bank

  217. 217

    National Institute of Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED)

    Current GDP 2025 provisional (INSEED) — 05 Economy

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The size of the economy in 2025

  218. 218

    National Institute of Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED)

    Construction growth 2025 (INSEED) — 05 Economy

    Official · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Investment and construction in 2025 · Construction and infrastructure

  219. 219

    UNESCO

    Number of World Heritage properties (UNESCO) — 08 Culture

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Six historic medinas on the World Heritage List

  220. 220

    UNESCO

    States concerned by the zaffa element (UNESCO) — 08 Culture

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: The zaffa in the traditional wedding

  221. 221

    World Bank (country overview)

    Investment in hotels, airport and roads (World Bank overview) — 05 Economy

    International · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Hotels, airport and roads under way · Area worth studying: heritage tourism and the Indian Ocean Island Games · Tourism, hospitality and heritage

  222. 222

    National Investment Promotion Agency (ANPI)

    Diaspora financial inclusion (ANPI news) — 04 Money

    Media · Published 2024-08-08 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: Financial inclusion of the diaspora

  223. 223

    National Investment Promotion Agency (ANPI)

    Tanzanian investor delegation (ANPI news) — 05 Economy

    Media · Published 2024-08-31 · Accessed 2026-10-08

    Cited in: A Tanzanian investor delegation

  224. 224

    World Bank

    World Development Indicators: Comoros

    International · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-10-07

    Cited in: Population · GDP · GDP per capita · GDP growth · Urban population · Population under 15 · Life expectancy · Access to electricity · Internet users

Other countries in the region East